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Bulgarian wine is number 1 in the world

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Vineyards Selection Tenevo of “Villa Yambol” is the highest rated red wine in the 30th edition of the Mondial de Bruxelles

Bulgarian winemaking has opened a new golden chapter in its development. A native wine was determined to be the best in the world. This is Vineyards Selection Tenevo, produced by Villa Yambol.

It received the highest rating during this year’s thirtieth edition of the prestigious Mondial de Bruxelles wine forum. The Bulgarian drink won the Revelation Red Wine title. The award-winning Vineyards Selection is produced from selected vineyards of “Vila Yambol” in the Tenevo microdistrict. It is made from three varieties – Merlot, Cabernet Franc and Petit Verdot, vintage 2017. The cellar from Yambol is the winner of medals in our country. In addition to the Grand Gold Medal, he also won six other awards for white and red wines and two – for rosettes. Kabile Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc, Kabile Reserve Merlot, Kabile Reserve Cabernet Sauvignon, Kabile Reserve Syrah were awarded gold. Silver won Vineyards Selection Troyanovo from Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay varieties. Gold was also awarded to rosettes in the Kabile and Vineyards Selection brands as the competition session for these was held earlier this year.

A total of 73 white and red Bulgarian wines took part in this year’s Mondial de Bruxelles, of which 27 received medals. This means almost 37% of awarded wines, surpassing the competition average of 25-28% and is another attestation of the quality of native winemaking. Among the medals won, the most prestigious award was the Large Gold. It is awarded to only 1% of the wines at the Concours Mondial de Bruxelles. In addition to 13 gold and 11 silver medals, Bulgaria was awarded three large gold medals, including Vineyards Selection Tenevo.

Vineyards Selection is the collector’s series of wines of “Villa Yambol”, created with the idea of unfolding the most captivating characteristics of the terroir of the Eastern Thracian lowland. Red wines are made from three microdistricts – Tenevo, Topolitsa and Bolyarovo. The plantations of the awarded in Tenevo are from 2005. The vineyards are planted according to the “Wind Rose” – a compass that determines the intensity of air currents, their direction and strength. The grape harvest starts in mid-August and lasts until mid-October, the grapes are picked by hand. Villa Yambol is one of the oldest in Southern Bulgaria. It manages nearly 10,000 decares of vineyards and is a leader in the more mainstream class of wines with the Villa Yambol brand of the same name.

The Mondial de Bruxelles traveling competition is held in a different location each year. This year, tasters and global wine experts from 45 countries gathered in Porec, Croatia in mid-May. There were 7,500 drinks shipped from 50 countries around the world. In terms of number of awards, the region of Bordeaux has the most – over 250. Next year, the prestigious competition will be held in America for the first time, hosted by Mexico.

Photo: Villa Yambol

Antidote for the most poisonous mushroom in the world found

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The toxins contained in 5 grams of green fly agaric (Amanita phalloides), also known as the “death cap, are enough to kill a 70 kg person

Green toadstools are nondescript mushrooms: with stumps the size of a neck knob and a pale green, white or bronze cap and silken, skirt-like membrane. The mushroom is said to be pleasant to the taste, so when its deadly effects occur 6 to 72 hours later, they are often a surprise. The mushroom’s amatoxin poison enters the liver through the intestinal tract, where it binds to enzymes used to make new proteins and inactivates them. As regular protein production is halted, the liver begins to die, causing nausea and diarrhea that are often followed by rapid organ failure, coma, and death.

Scientists from Australia and China believe they may have discovered the antidote for the most poisonous mushroom in the world, reports DPA, quoted by BTA.

Experts believe a type of medical dye, already approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, could act as an antidote to poisoning with the deadly green fly agaric mushroom. This is according to the findings of the study published in the journal “Nature Communications”.

The researchers identified the main toxin that this type of fungus produces, called amanitin, as well as the protein needed to produce the toxic effect. They then analyzed a widely used fluorescent medical dye called indocyanine green and tested it on human cells and on mice exposed to the toxin. Thus, it was found that this type of dye acts as an antidote to poisoning and can help animals survive.

The researchers, from Australia’s Raven Institute of Medical Research, the University of Sydney and China’s Sun Yat-sen University, said more research was needed to assess the safety of the dye for use in humans.

Mushroom poisoning is the leading cause of death in food poisoning incidents worldwide, the study found.

Photo: iStock by Getty Images

Erdogan became Turkey’s longest-serving leader

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With 99.66% of the ballots counted, Erdogan received 52.13 percent of the votes, and his rival Kemal Kulçdaroğlu – 47.87%. Voter turnout according to the votes counted so far is 84.3%.

27,579,657 voters voted for Erdogan, and 25,324,254 for Kemal Kulçdaroglu.

64,197,419 people had the right to vote in the second round.

Voting in the 81 Turkish districts took place without significant violations or incidents. Only in the afternoon, the Istanbul General Prosecutor’s Office announced that five people were detained for spreading provocative posts on social networks about the second round of the presidential elections.

As in the first round, President Recep Erdogan voted in the Yusküdar district on the Asian side of Istanbul, where his residence is located. In front of the section there were again many people who had been waiting for hours in the rain for the president. After casting his vote alongside his wife Emine, Erdogan, 69, said he expected the results to come out quickly as only two candidates were being voted on.

“For the first time in the history of Turkish democracy, we are witnessing a second round of presidential voting. At the same time, there are no other elections in history in which so many voters have participated,” Erdogan commented after exercising his right to vote.

Russian President Vladimir Putin congratulated Recep Erdogan on his election victory in the runoff in Turkey. With 99% of ballots processed, Erdogan received 52.1% and his opponent Kemal Kulçdaroğlu – 47.9%.

  “The election victory is a natural result of the selfless work as the head of state of Turkey,” said the message of the Russian president.

“Congratulations to President Erdogan on his undisputed victory,” Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán wrote on social media. Earlier, Libyan Prime Minister Abdul Hamid Dbeiba also sent his congratulations, even as the counting of votes continued.

The President of Iran also congratulated Recep Erdogan. Ebraim Raisi described his likeness as “a sign of the continued trust of the people in Turkey.”

Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro congratulated “his brother and friend” Recep Erdogan on his “triumph”. Qatar’s Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani also congratulated Erdogan on the victory.

Photo: May we have a nation that gives us another victory. Happy Turkish Century. Congratulations on our great Türkiye victory. / Recep Tayyip Erdoğan@RTErdogan

Global warming will push billions of people out of ‘human climate niche’

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Global warming will push billions of people out of 'human climate niche'
Photo by Ahmed Akacha - Pexel

New research shows that billions of people could be forced out of the “human climate niche” as the planet warms.

The Guardian reports that current climate commitments, which see global temperatures rise by 2.7C above pre-industrial levels, could push 2 billion people out of their “climate niche”.

Limiting warming to 1.5 °C would limit the number of people who would be pushed out of the climate niche by 80%, the paper said.

The newspaper notes that the climatic niche is defined by average annual temperatures above 29C. He continues: “The analysis is the first of its kind and is able to treat every citizen equally, unlike previous economic assessments of the damage from the climate crisis, which targeted the wealthy.”

The Times reports that on current emissions trajectories, more than one billion people could be forced to migrate.

The Press Association adds that “under worst-case scenarios of global warming of 3.6C or even 4.4C, half the worhttps://europeantimes.news/international/ld’s population could be left outside the climate niche, posing an ‘existential risk’.”

The Independent claims that “for every 0.1C warming above current levels, an extra 140 million people will be exposed to dangerous heat conditions”.

The South China Morning Post notes that in India and Nigeria, the population will be most exposed to dangerous heat.

Forbes quoted study author Tim Lennon as saying: “It’s easy to see how uncontrollable temperature increases will lead to extraordinary movements across borders.”

Pollution: MEPs support stricter rules to reduce industrial emissions

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Pollution: MEPs support stricter rules to reduce industrial emissions

On Wednesday, the Environment Committee adopted its position on EU rules to further reduce pollution and steer large agro-industrial installations in the green transition.

The industrial emission directive (IED) lays down rules on the prevention and control of pollution from large agro-industrial installations emissions into air, water and soil. It forms part of the EU’s green and circular transformation of industry, bringing significant health and environmental benefits for citizens.

The installations covered by the rules can only operate if they successfully obtain a permit, granted by national authorities, except for some farms that are only obliged to register. To better prevent and control pollution, the revised IED requires national authorities to further reduce pollutant emission limit values, based on so-called ‘Best Available Techniques’ (BAT), when revising permits or setting new permit conditions.

More industries and livestock farms covered

MEPs backed the Commission proposal to extend the IED to extractive industry installations (mines), large installations manufacturing batteries (except for installations exclusively assembling battery modules and battery packs) and larger-scale cattle farming as well as to more pig and poultry farms.

Concerning livestock farms, MEPs voted to include pig farms and poultry farms with more than 200 livestock units (LSU) and cattle farms with 300 LSU or more. For farms rearing more than one type of these animals, the limit should be 250 LSU. MEPs proposed to exclude farms raising animals in an extensive manner. The Commission originally proposed a threshold of 150 LSU for all livestock. MEPs also underline the importance of ensuring producers outside the EU meet requirements similar to EU rules.

Transparency and public participation

MEPs also voted to increase transparency, public participation and access to justice in relation to the permitting, operation and control of regulated installations. The European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register would be transformed into an EU Industrial Emissions Portal where citizens can access data on all EU permits and local polluting activities.

The report on the industrial emission directive and the directive on the landfill of waste was adopted by MEPs with 55 votes in favour, 26 against and six abstentions, whereas the regulation on the Industrial Emissions Portal was adopted with 78 votes in favour, three against and five abstentions.

Quote

After the vote, rapporteur Radan Kanev (EPP, Bulgaria), said: “Better environmental protection does not need to lead to more bureaucracy. Innovation is key to achieving zero pollution and for this, we need a more competitive European industrial sector. EU policy must be realistic, economically feasible, and not threaten competitiveness. Our position provides breathing space for businesses through reasonable transition periods to prepare for the new requirements as well as fast-track procedures for permits and flexibilities for emerging techniques.”

Next steps

Parliament is scheduled to adopt its mandate during the July 2023 plenary session after which negotiations with Council on the final legislation can start.

Background

The current EU rules on industrial emissions cover over 30,000 large industrial plants and over 20,000 intensive livestock farms responsible for emissions of harmful substances to air, water and soil, which can lead to health problems such as asthma, bronchitis and cancer that causes hundreds of thousands of premature deaths each year in the EU.

Yoga reduces anxiety and improves brain function

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A study involving three yoga sessions each week reported reduced levels of stress and anxiety, as well as improved brain functions, including working memory and concentration.

The aim of the scientific work was to prepare an eight-week training yoga program aimed at those who work full time and go through a lot of stress. Scientists want to show the beneficial effects of practicing yoga not only on the body, but also on the psyche.

Professor Sean Mullen, from the Department of Kinesiology and Public Health at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, is lead author of the study. He started from the thought that yoga is often compared to aerobics or cardio. Cardio has proven beneficial effects on brain health, but the movements when one does cardio are simple and repetitive. In yoga, complex movements are made that require some degree of awareness and technique for correct execution.

An example of the complexity of yoga is Surya namaskar or “sun salutation”. It is a complex of yoga asanas (postures) that are performed in sequence and mimic the sunrise and sunset.

Participants in this study followed a video instruction to correctly perform the sun salutation. They were in the safety of their homes and were gradually encouraged to perform Surya Namaskar without watching the instruction. The purpose of this task is to slowly and gradually build confidence in the participants’ ability to perform Surya Namaskar. So after some time, they will remember the sequence of poses.

By learning new postures, scientists wanted to develop working memory. Dr. Mullen shares, “Moving through multiple active poses, as opposed to static ones, should theoretically improve attentional abilities or inhibitory control. Drifting can potentially improve spatial memory.”

In addition to improvements in working memory, volunteers also reported reduced levels of stress and anxiety. This may be due to the effect of the physical exertion of yoga on the body, but the environment also has an effect – the safety of their own home helps participants feel safe. Especially since the COVID-19 pandemic, many people have turned more to exercising at home.

The scientific work is presented in the Journal of Behavioral Medicine.

References:

Mullen, S. (2023, February 8) Feasibility and impact of a remote moderate-intensity yoga intervention on stress and executive functioning in working adults: a randomized controlled trial. Retrieved 2023, May 5 from https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-022-00385-4

The material is informative and cannot replace consultation with a doctor. Before starting treatment, you must consult a doctor.

Photo by Valeria Ushakova: https://www.pexels.com/photo/woman-wearing-white-sleeveless-top-3094230/

Musk‘s company gets permission to test its brain implants on humans

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Photo by Pavel Danilyuk - Pexel

Elon Musk’s company Neuralink said on May 25, 2023 that it received permission from the US Food and Drug Administration to begin clinical research involving the placement of brain implants on humans, Reuters reported.

At least four times since 2019, Musk has predicted that his company will soon begin human trials of brain implants

At least four times since 2019, Musk has predicted that his company will soon begin human trials of brain implants to communicate with computers directly by thought. They are initially intended to help people who are paralysed or suffering from neurological diseases as blindness. The start-up then wants to make these implants safe and reliable enough to be used for elective surgery. People could then pay a few thousand dollars to equip their brains with computer power.

The Californian company stated that “recruitment for clinical trials is not yet open”.

However, the company, founded in 2016, requested permission to conduct such tests for the first time only at the beginning of last year. But then the Food and Drug Administration refused to grant permission, sources familiar with the matter told Reuters in March.

The US Food and Drug Administration has not yet responded to a Reuters request for comment on the Neuralink approval.

Malaysia: ‘Everyone has a migration story’, now let’s eat

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Malaysia: ‘Everyone has a migration story’, now let’s eat

“I can’t think of a better way than using food to bring everyone to the table,” said Elroi Yee, an investigative reporter and producer of the Dari Dapur campaign. “We need shared stories that show migrants and refugees have a place in the Malaysian narratives.”

Tales and tastes of Tamil puttu, Cambodia’s nom banh chok, Kachin jungle food shan ju, Yemeni chicken mandy, and Rohingya flatbread ludifida flavour those narratives, telling their stories in Dari Dapur’s videos featuring Malaysian celebrities who sampled culinary history and heritage.

Launched by OHCHR in December 2022, the campaign partnered with untitled kompeni, a Kuala Lumpur-based social impact production team, with a view to putting these delicious stories at the heart of public discourse.

#DariDapur EP2: Chef Wan & Dr Hartini Menziarahi Keluarga Pelarian Pakistan Untuk Makan Tengah Hari

‘Food always brings people to the table’

Through seven short videos, celebrities visited the kitchens of migrant workers and refugees to share a home-cooked meal around the same table, hearing about each other’s lives, hopes and dreams, and learning what they have in common.

“Anytime you cook food and you bring your guests, everyone turns to smile and be happy because food always brings people to the table,” said Chef Wan in an episode with Hameed, who served up a scrumptious Pakistani ayam korma.

“Regardless of which culture, where we come from, everybody will need to eat,” he said.

#DariDapur EP1: Elvi dan Kavin Jay Makan Tengah Hari Di Perladangan Getah

Plantation day trip

Liza, a Cambodian plantation worker, shared more than just a meal with her guests, Malaysian comedian Kavin Jay and food Instagrammer Elvi. During a day trip to visit her on the plantation, Liza showed them how she cooks nom banh chok, a fragrant fermented rice noodle dish.

“To have someone come here to visit me, to see me and to see my friends, I’m so happy,” Liza said.

Exchanging jokes around the table, Mr. Jay said “everyone has a migration story”.

“It doesn’t matter what your race is, if you look back far enough, you will find your migration story,” he said.

Similar exchanges around dinner tables unfolded in other Dari Dapur episodes that starred migrant and refugee chefs with social justice influencer Dr. Hartini Zainudin, hijabi rapper Bunga, educator Samuel Isaiah, Tamil film star Yasmin Nadiah, Chinese-language radio DJ Chrystina, and politician and activist Nurul Izzah Anwar.

#DariDapur EP3: Bunga & Cikgu Samuel Mencuba Sajian Kachin

‘It’s exactly the same!’

From Myanmar to Malaysia, breaking fast was common ground in an episode that brought broadcast journalist Melisa Idris and US Ambassador Brian McFeeters tableside with Ayesha, a Rohingya community trainer.

“I would like to know them, and I am also very happy that I can explain what I am doing and who I am [to them],” Ayesha said, as she prepared an iftar feast for her guests.

Sitting them down at a table laden with traditional dishes along with some of her friends, Ayesha was frank.

“Before this, I’ve never cooked for other communities,” she admitted, ahead of a lively conversation about Eid celebrations.

Ms. Idris and Ayesha’s friend, Rokon, shared similar childhood memories, from her Malaysian village and to his family home in Rakhine, Myanmar.

The way they treated me today, if we could be as gracious a host as a country, it would go such a long way. – journalist Melisa Idris

“It’s exactly the same!” Ms. Idris exclaimed. “Sometimes we focus on the differences and don’t realize we have almost exactly the same traditions.”

Post-feast, she shared gratitude and a revelation.

She said it was clear how “complicit the media has been in othering refugees and migrants, in normalizing the hate, in sowing the division, and targeting an already marginalized community as a scapegoat of our fears during a pandemic.”

“They gave us the best; they gave everything to us,” she said, tearfully. “The way they treated me today, if we could be as gracious a host as a country, it would go such a long way.”

‘Cut through the noise’

To design the campaign, OHCHR commissioned research that revealed a complex relationship between migrants and Malaysians. Findings showed respondents overwhelmingly agreeing that respect for human rights is a sign of a decent society and that everyone deserves equal rights in the country.

Some 63 per cent agreed that their communities are stronger when they support everyone, and more than half believed they should help other people no matter who they are or where they come from. Around 35 per cent of respondents strongly or somewhat strongly believed that people fleeing persecution or war should be welcomed, with an equal number wanting to welcome those who are unable to obtain healthcare, education, food, or decent work.

“Migration is a complicated and often abstract issue for many Malaysians,” said Pia Oberoi, senior advisor on migration in the Asia Pacific region at OHCHR, “but storytelling is a good way to cut through the noise.”

© OHCHR Malaysia/Puah Sze Ning

Migrant worker Suha hosted actress Lisa Surihani at the oil palm estate where she works and where they shared a meal and stories about their lives.

Cow’s feet and camaraderie

“Our research found that people want to hear and see the everyday lives of people on the move, to understand and appreciate that we have more in common than what divides us,” she said, adding that the campaign was built on shared realities and values that personify the words of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which turns 75 this year.

With the production of these short films, she said “we hope to inspire Malaysian storytellers to share the narrative space, and for all of us to rethink the way we relate to our migrant and refugee neighbours.”

On a sprawling oil palm estate, actress Lisa Surihani tucked into a meal of kaldu kokot – cow’s feet soup – dished up by her host Suha, an Indonesian plantation worker.

“What I learned was ‘try and not let what you do not know of affect the way you treat other human beings’,” actress Lisa Surihani said in a Dari Dapur episode.

“No matter who it is, our actions should be rooted in kindness,” Ms. Surihani said.

Learn more about the Dari Dapur campaign here.

#DariDapur EP7: Jamuan iftar bersama komuniti Rohingya

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Menstrual Hygiene Day: Putting an end to period poverty

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Menstrual Hygiene Day: Putting an end to period poverty

Period poverty, or the inability to afford menstrual products, is a serious issue especially in developing countries, an issue menstruating girls and women grapple with monthly and a spotlight topic on Menstrual Hygiene Day, observed annually on 28 May.

“I’m happy to come work here because I meet and work with other people,” said Ms. Fatty, who operates a special machine to install snaps on each pad. “This place gives me joy because I can forget about my disability while working here.”

The sturdy, long-lasting pads she produces help women like her with a mobility impairment, who have trouble going to the restroom. After working there for a year, Ms. Fatty hopes to continue. While her disabilities bring many challenges and she struggled to make ends meet for a long time, her life has become better since she joined the project.

Keeping girls in school

In The Gambia, Africa’s smallest nation, period poverty is prevalent across the country, but it hits harder in rural areas, according to the UN Population Fund (UNFPA). Some girls skip school for around five days every month due to the lack of menstrual products and sanitary facilities.

The girls are afraid of staining their clothes and become a target of bullying or abuse, the agency said. As a result, gender inequality widens; boys will have an advantage as they attend school more often than girls, who have a higher chance of dropping out of education.

To tackle this problem, UNFPA developed a project in Basse, in the country’s Upper River Region, to produce recyclable sanitary pads. These pads are distributed at schools and hospitals in local communities.

The agency takes it as an opportunity to talk about bodily autonomy and sexual and reproductive health with young girls to mitigate period shaming and stigma.

Empowering young women

The project is also a way of empowering young women in the community as it provides them with a secure job and an opportunity to learn new skills.

SDG Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

Since 2014, Menstrual Hygiene Day has been observed on the 28th day of the fifth month of the year as menstrual cycles average 28 days in length and people menstruate an average of five days each month.

Poor menstrual health and hygiene undercuts fundamental rights – including the right to work and go to school – for women, girls and people who menstruate, according to UNFPA.

It also worsens social and economic inequalities, the agency said. In addition, insufficient resources to manage menstruation, as well as patterns of exclusion and shame, undermine human dignity. Gender inequality, extreme poverty, humanitarian crises and harmful traditions can amplify deprivation and stigma.

With that in mind, the theme for Menstrual Hygiene Day this year is “Making menstruation a normal fact of life by 2030”, said UNFPA Executive-Director Natalia Kanem.

“A girl’s first period should be a happy fact of life, a sign of coming of age with dignity,” she said. “She should have access to everything necessary to understand and care for her body and attend school without stigma or shame.”

The Day brings together governments, non-profits, the private sector, and individuals to promote good menstrual health and hygiene for everyone in the world. The occasion also aims at breaking the silence, raise awareness around menstrual issues and engaging decision-makers to take actions for better menstrual health and hygiene.

Learn more about what UNFPA is doing to eliminate period poverty here.

Eliminating period poverty

UNFPA has four broad approaches to promoting and improving menstrual health around the world:

  • Supplies and safe bathrooms: In 2017, 484,000 dignity kits, containing pads, soap and underwear, were distributed in 18 countries affected by humanitarian emergencies. UNFPA also helps to improve the safety in displacement camps, distributing flashlights and installing solar lights in bathing areas. Promoting menstrual health information and skills-building, projects include teaching girls to make reusable menstrual pads or raising awareness about menstrual cups.
  • Improving education and information: Through its youth programmes and comprehensive sexuality education efforts, UNFPA helps both boys and girls understand that menstruation is healthy and normal.
  • Supporting national health systems: Efforts include promoting menstrual health and provide treatment to girls and women suffering from menstrual disorders. The agency also procures reproductive health commodities that can be useful for treating menstruation-related disorders.
  • Gathering data and evidence about menstrual health and its connection to global development: A long overlooked topic of research, UNFPA-supported surveys provide critical insight into girls’ and women’s knowledge about their menstrual cycles, health, and access to sanitation facilities.

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Eugenics influenced the formulation of the European Convention on Human Rights

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Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe hearing discussing security and liberty of the person.
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe hearing discussing security and liberty of the person. Photo credit: THIX Photo

The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe this week dived in to deeply rooted discrimination and rights issues, discussing core values on which the Council had been founded in 1950. Ongoing research is tracking down the roots to text in the part of the European Convention on Human Rights that delineate, but also limits the right to liberty and security of person.

The Parliamentary Assembly Committee in a motion approved in 2022 pointed out, that the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is “the only international human rights treaty to include a limitation to the right to liberty specifically on the basis of impairment, with its formulation in Article 5 (1) (e), which excludes certain groups (“socially maladjusted” individuals in the wording of the European Court of Human Rights) from the full enjoyment of the right to liberty.”

As part of the research in to this the Assembly’s Committee on Social Affairs, Health and Sustainable Development Monday held a hearing with experts to learn more and further discuss the matter. Experts presented data to the Committee’s members and were being questioned on these.

Hearing with Experts

European Convention on Human Rights - Prof. Marius Turda discussing the consequences of the Eugenics influence in to the ECHR.
Prof. Marius Turda discussing the consequences of the Eugenics influence in to the ECHR. Photo credit: THIX Photo

Prof. Dr. Marius Turda, Director of the Centre for Medical Humanities, Oxford Brookes University, UK described the historical context in which the European Convention on Human Rights had been formulated. An expert on the history of eugenics, he pointed out that eugenics first appeared in the 1880s in England and since spread fast and wide and became a global phenomenon within a couple of decades.

To really understand this phenomenon, one has to understand that the main purpose of eugenics “was to ‘improve’ the genetic ‘quality’ of the human population through the control of reproduction and, at its extremes, through the elimination of those who were considered to be ‘unfit’, physically and/or mentally.”

“From the very beginning the eugenicists argued that society needed to be protected from the growing numbers of those they labelled ‘unfit’, ‘maladjusted’, ‘unsound of mind’, ‘feebleminded’, ‘dysgenic’ and ‘sub-normal’ due to their physical and mental disabilities. Theirs were eugenically marked bodies, labelled as such and stigmatised accordingly,” Prof. Turda noted.

Eugenics obviously achieved worldwide notoriety with the exposure of concentration camps of Nazi Germany in the 1940s. The Nazi in their efforts to apply biology had carried eugenics to the extreme. Yet, eugenics did not end with the defeat of Nazi Germany. Prof. Turda pointed out that “Eugenic proposals continued to attract political and scientific support after the end of World War II.”

The term “Unsound mind” used in the European Convention on Human Rights

In fact, the very notion of ‘unsound mind’ was re-scripted into the concept of ‘maladjustment’ in the post-war years, and then applied more broadly to perpetuate the eugenic stigmatisation of various social identities.

“The link between mental disability and social unfitness remained unchallenged. To be sure, the growing influence of environmental and social factors on the development of human behaviour reoriented the language of eugenics; but its main premises, as expressed through both normalizing discourses about social efficiency as well as legal practices centred on the control of reproduction, continued in the post-war period,” Prof. Turda indicated.

Historically, the concept of ‘unsound mind’ – in all its permutations – played a significant role in shaping eugenic thinking and practice, and not only in Britain.

Prof. Marius Turda discussing the consequences of the Eugenics influence in to the.
Prof. Marius Turda discussing the consequences of the Eugenics influence in to the ECHR. Photo credit: THIX Photo

Prof. Turda laid out that, “it was deployed in a variety of ways to stigmatise and dehumanise individuals and also to advance discriminatory practices and marginalisation of individuals with learning disabilities. Eugenic discourses as to what constituted normal/abnormal behaviours and attitudes were centrally framed around representations of mentally ‘fit’ and ‘unfit’ individuals, and ultimately led to significant new modes of social, economic, and political disenfranchisement and the erosion of rights for women and men labelled of ‘unsound mind’.”

It is in the light of this widespread acceptance of eugenics as an integral part of the social policy for population control that one has to view the efforts of the representatives of the United Kingdom, Denmark and Sweden in the process of formulating the European Convention of Human Rights suggested and included an exemption clause, that would authorize the government’s policy to segregate and lock up “persons of unsound mind, alcoholic or drug addicts and vagrants”.

Given this eugenic background, it is therefore highly problematic continue to use this expression in the Convention on Human Rights.

Prof. Dr. Marius Turda, Director of the Centre for Medical Humanities, Oxford Brookes University, UK

Prof. Turda concluded his presentation that “Given this eugenic background, it is therefore highly problematic continue to use this expression in the Convention on Human Rights.” And he added, “It is important that we pay attention to the words we use because language itself is used to maintain discrimination. For decades now this eugenic descriptor has remained unmarked and unquestioned. The time has come for a new look at this entire problem, and to confront the lingering adherence to eugenics after World War II.”