Mariana Katzarova, Special Rapporteur on human rights in Russia and Irene Khan, Special Rapporteur on the right to freedom of opinion and expression, were responding to the 31-year-old United States citizen’s arrest and detention while on a reporting trip in the city of Yekaterinburg.
“The arrest and indictment of Mr Gershkovich on serious criminal charges which could lead to 20 years in a penal colony is an example of the severe clamp down on freedom of opinion and expression and on independent journalism in Russia since the full-scale invasion of Ukraine 17 months ago,” the experts said.
The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) correspondent was accused of acting on orders from the US Government to gather information constituting “State secrets”.
“Gershkovich’s arrest highlights the recent uptick in the use of the espionage and treason provisions of the Russian Federation Criminal Code to more frequently arrest individuals in Russia and we are alarmed by this growing trend,” the experts said. “It is a dangerous instrument given the gravity of the charges and the difficulty of public scrutiny in such cases,” they added.
The human rights experts expressed alarm over the recent uptick in the use of the espionage and treason provisions within the Criminal Code to arrest individuals, saying that in the first six months of this year, at least 43 people had been charged with treason.
‘Chilling message’
According to available data, 16 people were convicted on similar charges in 2022, and at least 24 criminal proceedings were initiated in the same year. At the end of June, it was also reported that in the first six months of 2023, at least 43 people had been charged with treason in Russia, the press release from the experts said.
“This is the first time since the Soviet era that the Russian authorities have accused a US journalist of espionage and it sends a chilling message to all foreign journalists, and indeed to all journalists in Russia,” said the experts.
Mr. Gershkovich moved to Russia in 2017 to work as a Russia-accredited journalist. For the past year, he has worked as a correspondent for the WSJ, reporting on issues such as mobilisation of recruits, sanctions and their impact on the economy and people, Russia’s growing isolation, and the Government’s attempts to silence anti-war activism.
No embassy access
The prosecution has not publicly presented any evidence to date to substantiate its allegations of espionage, the Human Rights Council-appointed experts said.
The Special Rapporteurs lodged an appeal over Mr. Gershkovich’s arbitrary arrest with the Russian authorities on 12 June and called for his immediate release. No response has been received to date.
Special Rapporteurs and other UN Human Rights Council-appointed rights experts, work on a voluntary and unpaid basis, are not UN staff, and work independently from any government or organisation.
Lettori case // Longest-running breach of the parity of treatment provision of the Treaty in the history of the EU nears an end.
The College of Commissioners at its meeting on Friday last unanimously endorsed the referral of infringement proceedings N.2021/4055 to the Court of Justice of the European Union(CJEU). The proceedings, taken because of Italy’s continuing discrimination against foreign language lecturers in Italian universities(Lettori ), were opened in September 2021. The Court has already ruled four times in favour of the Lettori in a line of litigation which extends back to the seminal Allué rulingof 1989.
The College of Commissioners’ decision is recorded under the Jobs and Social Rights portfolio section in the July infringement package. Given the newsworthiness of the College’s decision, a press release, giving additional detail on the case was also published. It records that the case is being referred to the Court because of Italy’s failure to implement the ruling in enforcement Case C-119/04, a ruling which was handed down in 2006.
In their ruling in that case, 13 judges of the Grand Chamber held that a last-minute Italian law of March 2004 was compliant with EU law. The law awarded Lettori a reconstruction of their career from the date of first employment with reference to the parameter of a part-time researcher or more favourable parameters. The law, though it remains in the statute book, has never been implemented.
Following Friday’s decision of the College, interest in this high-profile discrimination case is certain to increase. In enforcement case C-119/04, the Commission recommended the imposition of daily fines of € 309.750 on Italy for decades of discriminatory treatment against Lettori.
The fine was waived because of the enactment by Italy of a last-minute law of March 2004. In an eventual future hearing Italy’s defence team will have the unenviable task of explaining to the Court why the law which spared Italy the recommended fines was never subsequently enforced. Hence, the case has the scope to be a major public and political embarrassment for Italy.
Infringement proceedings pit complainants against member states in breach of their Treaty obligations. It goes without saying that the member states have infinitely greater resources at their disposal for defending their position than the complainants have for proving the persistence of a breach.
The complainants’ relative disadvantage in this regard is added to by the fact that exchanges in infringement proceedings between the Commission and the member state in breach are confidential. Hence, under existing arrangements, a complainant is never fully sure of the Commission’s legal position and intentions.
Against these odds, complainant Asso. CEL.L, a Lettori association founded at the La Sapienza University of Rome, and assisted by FLC CGIL, Italy’s largest trade union, has been providing the Commission with irrefutable evidence of the persistence of Italy’s breach of the Treaty, both prior to and over the course of infringement proceedings N.2021/4055. A number of important morals and lessons on the efficacy of the infringement procedure and the role of the complainant emerge from these experiences.
The Treaty Provisions on infringement proceedings
The 1957 Founding Treaty of Rome empowered the European Commission, as guardian of the Treaty, to take infringement proceedings against Member States for perceived violation of their Treaty obligations. Later, the Treaty of Maastricht further empowered the Commission to take follow-on enforcement cases for non-implementation of earlier infringement rulings, and the Court to impose pecuniary penalties on Member States where it deemed the Commission had proven its case.
These measures, particularly when taken in tandem, would seem adequate to remedy breaches of EU law in that rational member states would comply rather than pay heavy daily fines.
In the Lettori enforcement case, the Court waived the daily fines proposed by the Commission because Italy enacted last-minute legislation which the Court judged to be compliant with EU Law. However, Italy never subsequently enforced its legislation.
Hence the Commission had to revert to the first stage and start fresh infringement proceedings, thus prolonging a case which should have been resolved with the enforcement procedure.
Repetition of this unfortunate outcome could be avoided by verifying with the complainant that enacted member state legislation has in fact been enforced.
The complainant
In the Lettori case, the infringement proceedings were preceded by a pilot case, which ran on for ten years. Nearing retirement, and despairing of ever receiving justice, a group of Lettori at “La Sapienza” University of Rome formed Asso.CEL.L and applied for and obtained the status of an official complainant with the Commission.
With a mix of skills in law, statistics, data processing, Asso.CEl.L resolved to improve the quality of representations to the Commission and persuade it to move to infringement proceedings properly. A new professionalism was evident in the organization of a nationwide census of Lettori, conducted with the cooperation of FLC CGIL, which documented to the Commission’s satisfaction that the universities had not implemented the CJEU ruling in Case C-119/04.
A thorough knowledge of EU law and procedure is essential for a complainant. To his end, Asso.CEL.L set up a web page to educate colleagues on Lettori case law before the European courts.
Resources
Asso.CEL L is unique among Lettori representative organizations in that it has never accepted contributions. The negligible to zero cost of modern means of information communication and virtual meetings means running costs are very low.
Freed of the need to canvass for contributions and the bureaucratic requirement to compile and justify annual accounts, Asso.CEL.L has been able to devote its best energies to the infringement proceedings.
The moral here is that would-be complainants should master modern means of internet communication to keep their running costs low.
Relations with trade unions
In discrimination against non-national workers cases the support of a domestic trade union is invaluable. That FLC CGIL, Italy’s largest trade union, called on the Commission to prosecute Italy for its discriminatory treatment of non-national workers carried great weight.
With its impressive national organization, the cooperation of FLC CGIL proved essential to the success of the nationwide Lettori census. The same on-the-ground organization facilitated the success of the three protests held this academic year, on December 13, April 20, and most recently in the national strike of June 30.
The Press
It is obvious that good media coverage helps the cause of a complainant. In the university cities of Padova, Florence (1), and Perugia (2), local Italian TV was generous in coverage of the Lettori strike of June 30. The audience response was very supportive.
At the European level, The European Times has consistently reported on the Lettori case from the opening of the infringement proceedings to the referral of the case by the College of Commissioners to the Court of Justice. For funded organizations, there will always be a temptation to indulge in propaganda to maintain subscription income.
In its relations with the press Asso.CEL.L has always followed a policy of never trading accuracy for advocacy. This policy has been facilitated by the European Times policy of providing substantiating web links to Lettori case law.
The Parliamentary Question
MEP Claire Daly
Though exchanges between the Commission and member states in perceived breach of their Treaty obligations are confidential in infringement proceedings, the Commission must reply to parliamentary questions from MEPs.
Intelligent use of the parliamentary question can help a complainant’s case and such use also has a positive public relations value.
Dublin MEP Clare Daly has kept the Lettori case before the EU conscience, both through her speeches in the European Parliament and her questions co-signed by other Irish MEPs to the Commission. The last of these questions successfully called on the Commission to refer the Lettori case to the CJEU.
Conclusion
On university campuses across Italy on Friday the Commission’s decision to refer the Lettori case to the CJEU was warmly welcomed. Though geographically remote from the Lettori in Brussels, there was recognition that the Commission had been attentive to the representations of Asso.CEL.L and FLC CGI in its conduct of the infringement proceedings.
MEP Clare Daly said :
“The decision of the Commission to refer the Lettori case to the Court of Justice is very welcome. Workers’ rights under the Treaty must be respected across the EU. I will continue to liaise with the official complainant Asso.CEL.L and with my fellow MEPs to ensure that the Lettori receive the settlements for the reconstruction of career due to them under EU law.”
The lower house of the Russian parliament – the State Duma – adopted on 14.07.2023 in the third, final reading a bill that would prohibit the performance of sex-change operations, reported Reuters.
The bill prohibits doctors from “performing a medical intervention intended to change human sex” and from prescribing hormone therapy to patients.
An exception is made for cases of congenital anomalies in children, including genetic and endocrine diseases associated with impaired formation of children’s genitals.
Each bill must go through three readings in the lower house of the Russian parliament (the Federal Assembly) before being considered by the upper house, the Federation Council, and then given to Russian President Vladimir Putin for his signature in order to come into force.
The future law would also prohibit changing the gender on official identity documents and would not allow transgender people to adopt children or annul a marriage valid at the time of the gender change.
The motion of black holes and other massive objects through space can create ripples in the fabric of the universe, called gravitational waves. On June 28 scientists announced the first evidence of a background of long-wavelength gravitational waves that fills the cosmos.
These waves are thought to have been created over eons by supermassive black holes, up to billions of times the mass of our Sun, circling each other before they merge. Detecting the gravitational wave background is analogous to hearing the hum of a large group of people talking at a party, without distinguishing any particular voice.
This artist’s concept shows stars, black holes, and nebula laid over a grid representing the fabric of space-time. Ripples in this fabric are called gravitational waves. The NANOGrav collaboration detected evidence of gravitational waves created by black holes billions of times the mass of the Sun. Image credit: NANOGrav collaboration; Aurore Simonet
The background ripples detected by NANOGrav could help scientists better understand how gravitational waves are created and what happens to them as they propagate through the universe. They could also be used to study supermassive black hole mergers, which can last millions of years.
Scientists think these mergers happen in most galaxies and influence their evolution.
A computer rendering of two black holes that are about to merge, as viewed from above. Image credit: SXS Lensing/Simulating eXtreme Spacetimes Collaboration
The North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) presented the evidence in a series of papers published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.
NANOGrav is a National Science Foundation-funded Physics Frontiers Center of more than 190 scientists from the United States and Canada, including scientists at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California and other NASA centers.
This illustration shows the NANOGrav project observing cosmic objects called pulsars in an effort to detect gravitational waves – ripples in the fabric of space. Image credit: NANOGrav/T. Klein
The collaboration has spent more than 15 years collecting high-precision data from ground-based radio telescopes, looking for these gravitational waves.
The discovery complements the first-ever detection of gravitational waves in 2015 by LIGO, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Observatory. Those signals, at a much shorter wavelength than the new discovery, were from black holes about 30 times the mass of our Sun.
NASA is contributing to the ESA (European Space Agency)-led Laser Interferometer Space Antenna mission, a future space-based observatory that will detect gravitational waves that are in a wavelength range between those detected by NANOGrav and LIGO.
Technology has had a huge growth period and continues to advance on a daily basis. As of 2023, it was listed that there are 4.95 billion internet users, 7.33 billion mobile phone users and currently 1.35 million tech startup companies around the world. Therefore, it should come as no surprise that educational institutions are getting in on the game and looking at technology-based options to make educational opportunities accessible and wider-reaching for students.
In the 1970s Australia was first introduced to the internet through ARPANET based in America aiming to further technology in the world. During this period a few Australian scientific companies were able to make connections via the international dial-up service through what was known then as the Australian Overseas Telecommunications Commission (OTC).
This was the beginning of the fledgling internet in Australia, despite the slowness of the telephone commission (Telecom, later Telstra) to meet the demands for the internet. Although it would be many years before it would be used by everyday Australians, it is now something the average Australian can’t live without and increasingly becoming a beneficial tool to classroom learning for students to complete assignments and learn invaluable information.
Email
By the 1980s, Australia was steadily on the move with this emerging technology and email was becoming the new in-vogue trend. This continued to expand with many Australians getting in on the movement and discovering email to become a fast and efficient way of communicating through the written word.
Rather than writing a letter and putting it in the post, a person was now able to type a letter, business draft, assignment, etc. and send that through to another individual or company to be received instantly into an inbox which they can check at any time. The use of email is useful in classroom-based activities as it allows students working in groups to email the work to each other for viewing and checking.
Instant messaging
Enter instant messaging, although still considered a relative newcomer to Australian technology and the world at large, has already shown its popularity with estimated billions of users utilising instant messaging platforms to communicate.
With well-known instant chat platforms such as WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger and Skype topping the charts, it is clear why this format of communication is hugely important for the continued technological movement in Australia. Not only does it allow students to communicate immediately relating to their school work, it also makes communication around the world possible instantly, making somebody wanting to study from outside that country possible.
Zoom (video conference / lectures)
To move on from instant messaging, the next step in this development has been online video conferencing platforms such as Zoom and more recently Microsoft Teams. These platforms used to only be available to high-level multinational companies who could afford “fancy” software.
With the advent of the smartphone and faster internet connections, this was already becoming a possibility for the everyday citizen, however, Covid-19 really pushed companies and educational providers to find alternative ways to develop their wares. Zoom, arguably the most popular video conferencing platform, is user-friendly and free for 30-minute intervals (longer with a paid account). This makes it possible for trainees to attend learning from the comfort of their own homes anywhere in the world.
Blended Learning
The term blended learning has evolved over the years and really took off because of covid-19 pandemic with education institutions being forced to think outside the box to allow themselves to continue to educate next-generation Australians.
Flexibility is one of the biggest attractions of blended learning; it allows students to create a timetable that works best for them with the possibility of studying both face-to-face and via technology components.
Training Providers
Many educational institutes are researching and starting the blended learning mentality along with placing ample resources online allowing the student instant access to this information, with course materials increasingly available online along with the submission of assignments.
Universities offer blended learning opportunities such as the Master of Education to support the next generation of students with their technology journey, whilst also continuing to learn by themselves.
Technology
Technology is becoming part of many students’ everyday lives with an estimated 600,000 new internet users each day. Along with digital skills fast becoming more and more necessary across all industries so an even higher demand for students to be “tech savvy” from a younger age.
Research through the Department of Industry, Science and Resources has shown that 87% of jobs in Australia will require higher digital literacy skills by 2025 and by 2034 technology will be extended to 4.5 million Australian workers. This showcases the extreme need for Australian students to learn from a much younger age about technology and how it works.
Reasons why students need technology in the classroom
As a result of technology continuing to steamroll ahead, learning platforms need more access to technology in the classroom. This will allow students to experience real-world possibilities whilst preparing them for the modern Australian workplace which incorporates digital literacy, adaptability, and flexibility.
Additionally, this promotes global and cultural awareness, supports varying learning styles, teaches students responsibility whilst being online and adds a “fun” factor to learning as the trainer can incorporate activities such as games, quizzes and online polls and surveys to break up the learning day.
In today’s climate, the only thing anybody can say with certainty is that change in technological advances is constant and ever-accelerating. Training institutions need to keep up with these changes to ensure they are fully preparing their students for the real world and giving them the best opportunity to gain meaningful work.
The only way to ensure this is properly achieved is to ensure that training remains up to date with technology and provides ample opportunity in their learning environment for their students to utilise and understand each development.
“For three months now, the people of Sudan have endured unspeakable suffering amid violence that is tearing their country apart,” Martin Griffiths, UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, said in a statement.
“As the conflict enters its fourth month, the battle lines are hardening, making it ever more difficult to reach the millions of people who need urgent humanitarian assistance,” he added.
More than 3 million people have been displaced due to the conflict both within Sudan and across its borders; the fighting, which broke out in mid-April has reportedly claimed the lives of more than 1,100 people and injured over 12,000, according to the UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).
Health workers and facilities have also been attacked, severely limiting access for those in need, and with the onset of the rainy season, there is an increased risk of outbreaks of water- and vector-borne diseases, compounded by challenges in waste management and shortages of supplies.
Children are among the worst affected, with an estimated 13.6 million – roughly half the number remaining in Sudan – in urgent need of assistance.
Describing Sudan as “one of the world’s most difficult places for humanitarian workers to operate,” Mr. Griffiths emphasized the collaborative efforts of local organizations and international aid groups in delivering life-saving supplies.
However, that work cannot be carried out when relief workers themselves, are at risk.
“But we cannot work under the barrel of a gun. We cannot replenish stores of food, water and medicine if brazen looting of these stocks continues. We cannot deliver if our staff are prevented from reaching people in need.”
He underlined that ultimately, the suffering of Sudanese people will end only when the fighting stops, and called on the parties to the conflict to abide by the Declaration of Commitments they signed in Jeddah to protect civilians and respect international humanitarian law.
Each day ‘the misery deepens’
Each day the fighting continues, the misery deepens for Sudanese civilians
“Each day the fighting continues, the misery deepens for Sudanese civilians […] We must all redouble our efforts to ensure that the conflict in Sudan does not spiral into a brutal and interminable civil war with grave consequences for the region,” the UN official stressed.
“The people of Sudan cannot afford to wait,” he concluded.
The Alamiyine Shorfas and the Delegation of the Tribes of the Southern Sahara Provinces of the Kingdom of Morocco reaffirm their strong bond within the framework of a unified Morocco from north to south
Sidi Nabil Baraka:
The visit confirms the sincerity of the national cohesion around the Commandery of the Faithful of Believers His Majesty King Mohammed VI
Sidi Hassan raguibi Al-Idrisi :
We cling to our Moroccanness and we bless all the initiatives taken by His Majesty King Mohammed VI.
The chorfas alamiyines of the Sufi Moulay Abdeslam pole of northern Morocco, and the delegation of the regions of the Moroccan Sahara, are united around the great and strong bond that has united them for centuries, within the framework of a unified Moroccan kingdom from north to south. , and an allegiance to the glorious Alawite throne.
In this context, Sidi Nabil Baraka explained in the name of the Sufi Way the Mashichiya Shadiliya and the chorfas alamiyines that the visit of relatives that the delegation of the southern provinces carries out with their cousins on the tomb of the saint moulay abdeslam Ibn Mishish, is a beautiful ancestral tradition, and a spiritual celebration during which the honourable scholars of universal Sufism of the Mashichiya shadiliya of the world meet with the delegation of the southern provinces.
He added that this visit is part of the firm will to preserve the heritage of the ancestors, who made this visit an opportunity to exchange love and brotherhood and renew the alliance and loyalty to the glorious Alaouite throne.
Sidi Hassan Al Rguibi al-Idrisi said that the visit of the delegation of the Saharan provinces is not the first at the house of the Baraka family, but also their grandfathers and fathers have preceded them for centuries.
The visit of the delegations from the south carries many messages, first and foremost the attachment to their Moroccanness and affirms the strong bond that unites the Sahrawi tribes with their cousins in northern Morocco.
Sidi Nabil Baraka had received, Friday, July 14, at his home the tribes of the southern province.
After centuries and in Saint Moulay Abdeslam the tribes of the Moroccan Sahara have united around the monarchy 44After centuries and in Saint Moulay Abdeslam the tribes of the Moroccan Sahara have united around the monarchy 45After centuries and in Saint Moulay Abdeslam the tribes of the Moroccan Sahara have united around the monarchy 46After centuries and in Saint Moulay Abdeslam the tribes of the Moroccan Sahara have united around the monarchy 47After centuries and in Saint Moulay Abdeslam the tribes of the Moroccan Sahara have united around the monarchy 48After centuries and in Saint Moulay Abdeslam the tribes of the Moroccan Sahara have united around the monarchy 49After centuries and in Saint Moulay Abdeslam the tribes of the Moroccan Sahara have united around the monarchy 50After centuries and in Saint Moulay Abdeslam the tribes of the Moroccan Sahara have united around the monarchy 51After centuries and in Saint Moulay Abdeslam the tribes of the Moroccan Sahara have united around the monarchy 52After centuries and in Saint Moulay Abdeslam the tribes of the Moroccan Sahara have united around the monarchy 53After centuries and in Saint Moulay Abdeslam the tribes of the Moroccan Sahara have united around the monarchy 54After centuries and in Saint Moulay Abdeslam the tribes of the Moroccan Sahara have united around the monarchy 55After centuries and in Saint Moulay Abdeslam the tribes of the Moroccan Sahara have united around the monarchy 56
The aim of the bill introduced by President Volodymyr Zelensky is to “distinguish from the Russian heritage”
The Parliament of Ukraine voted yesterday to change the date of the Orthodox celebration of the Nativity of Christ from January 7 to December 25, switching to the Gregorian calendar, reported DPA and BTA.
The purpose of the bill introduced by President Volodymyr Zelensky is to “distinguish from the Russian heritage”.
In 2017, December 25 was declared a non-working day.
The largest Orthodox church in Ukraine – the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, which has long-standing ties with the Moscow Patriarchate, has not yet commented on the change, DPA noted. The UOC observes the holidays according to the Julian calendar used by Russia.
Since Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014, Ukraine has been trying to cut ties with its Soviet and Russian past. Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine 16 months ago boosted those efforts.
The blow from the war will be indirect, the dream of the USA is to destroy the economy of the EU, the spokesman of the Russian Foreign Ministry told Bulgarian journalist Martin Karbovsky‘s broadcast on his YouTube channel.
“Do you know who you are going to sell your nuclear reactors to – to people who have turned to extremist terrorist activity, who shelled the Zaporizhzhia NPP, who recently blew up an ammonia pipeline on their own territory.” This was stated by the spokesperson of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Maria Zakharova, in an interview with Karbovsky on 13th of July.
“You want to tell me that you will sell them to people who blew up the Kakhovka hydroelectric plant? And if you have doubts that this is their doing, I will give you an example – since 2014, they have been constantly mining the power lines to Crimea, blocking the flow on water. These are acts of terrorism. Do you intend to supply energy capacities to these people,” Zakharova asked rhetorically.
She asked Karbovsky if he really thinks this is a conflict between Russia and Ukraine over territory.
“It is absolutely not the case, all the power of the Western world, first of all the USA and Great Britain, are at war with us, and the EU is being used by them,” emphasized the spokesperson of the Russian Foreign Ministry and continued:
“But something else is scary for you – the main blow is directed indirectly – against the EU, this is the dream of the USA – to destroy the EU’s economy. That is why Great Britain left the EU in order not to take the economic blow”.
She emphasized that the goal of the United States is for many businesses to move there and pay their taxes in the United States.
“The EU has not been able to settle the Ukrainian crisis on its own continent for 8 years, because the USA did not allow it to do so,” Zakharova was categorical.
Source: @Martin_Karbowski is the YouTube channel where journalist Martin Karbowski publishes new and already aired original video materials.
Silence is indeed difficult to describe, but psychologists from Johns Hopkins University (USA) have discovered that we can hear it. The scientists presented their findings in the journal PNAS. For this purpose, the researchers conducted several experiments in which they used so-called auditory illusions. Like optical illusions, acoustic illusions can also distort our perception: thanks to the work of the brain, a person hears sounds that do not exist. There are many types of auditory illusions. One example is when one long beep appears longer to the listener than two consecutive short sounds, even if they are of the same length.
In experiments involving 1,000 people, a team of psychologists replaced the beeps in this auditory illusion with short periods of silence. Between these periods, the participants listened to all kinds of noises imitating the sounds of busy streets, markets, restaurants, railway stations.
Surprisingly, the results were the same as with the acoustic illusion described above. The volunteers thought that the long period of silence lasted longer than two other, shorter periods without sounds. “There is at least one thing that we hear, that we hear, that is not sound – silence. That is, these kinds of illusions that were previously thought to be unique to the auditory processing of sounds are also inherent in the case of silence: we actually hear the absence of sound,” says Ian Phillips, professor of philosophy, psychology and brain sciences, co-author of the research.
According to the scientists, their results open a new way to study the so-called perception of absence. The team plans to continue investigating the extent to which people perceive silence, including whether they hear silence that is not preceded by sound.
Photo by Sound On: https://www.pexels.com/photo/close-up-photo-of-woman-in-yellow-shirt-3761026/
