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BELGIUM: Jehovah’s Witnesses acquitted on appeal for alleged discrimination and incitement to hatred

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JW in Belgium
JW in Belgium

Jehovah’s Witnesses acquitted on appeal for alleged discrimination and incitement to hatred

On 7 June 2022, the Ghent Court of Appeal acquitted the Belgian Association of Jehovah’s Witnesses of all charges of discrimination and incitement to hatredafter they had surprisingly been fined 96,000 euros by the Ghent Criminal Court in March 2021.

In 2015, a former Jehovah’s Witness went to the public prosecutor’s office, claiming that once members left the community, they were ostracised and completely socially isolated by order of the organization.

The public prosecutor’s office in Ghent had summoned Jehovah’s Witnesses on four counts: incitement to discrimination on the basis of religious beliefs against a person, and against a group, and incitement to hatred or violence against a person, and against a group.

In the first instance, the Belgian Association was found guilty of inciting discrimination and hatred or violence against former members who had left the community but it appealed the decision.

The Court of Appeal of Ghent hereby confirmed on 7 June 2022 that Jehovah’s Witnesses’ biblical practice of limiting or avoiding contact with former followers, also called shunning, was legal and does not incite discrimination, segregation, hatred or violence.

Human Rights Without Frontiers largely covered the judicial proceedings in 2021 in Bitter Winter, addressing the following issues:

  • Timeline
  • The trial
  • Who are the claimants?
  • The statements of the claimants
  • The position of the CCJW
  • The verdict and its consequences

Ghent Appeal Court decision in line with Belgian and European jurisprudence

The decision on appeal is in line with the opinion of leading scholars who have followed this case. It is also in conformity with previous rulings by Belgian courts of appeal and the Court of Cassation on the same issue.

On 10 January 2012, the Court of Appeal of Mons rejected the discrimination claim of J.L., a former Jehovah’s Witness.

On 5 November 2018, the Court of Appeal of Brussels confirmed the decision of the Court of Appeal of Mons and rejected again the said discrimination claim.

Last but not least, on 7 February 2019, the Court of Cassation also rejected the appeal against the judgment of the Court of Appeal of Brussels.

The European Court of Human Rights had also previously emphasized that determining doctrinal or behavioral standards to which members of a religious community must conform in their private lives is a feature common to many religions.

Referring to these well-established legal principles, Holly Folk, associate professor at Western Washington University, observed as well: “It is not the role of governments to intervene in the choices that consenting adults make. And the reality is that many religions have a norm of no longer having strong ties to people who leave their religious traditions.”

Verdict: Charges not proven and claims of the civil parties unfounded

About the criminal charges, the Court of Appeal of Ghent declared that the charges against the Christian Community of Jehovah’s Witnesses had not been proven and discharged it from prosecution.

About the civil field, the Court of Appeal dismissed as unfounded the claims of the civil parties and the Interfederal Centre for Equal Opportunities and Opposition to Discrimination and Racism, a public institution having taken sides against Jehovah’s Witnesses in the case.

Whilst the condemnation of Jehovah’s Witnesses in first instance was widely covered by printed media, radio and TV, their acquittal was ignored by almost all of them. The media and journalists should avoid stigmatization of any religious group and sensationalism but devote the same attention and importance to a final acquittal.

Macron in a tent in Romania

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French President Emmanuel Macron did not want to go to a hotel in Constanta during his visit to Romania, but preferred to sleep in a tent at the Mihail Cogalniceanu military base, Romania’s Digi 24 television reported. The information was confirmed by the Elysee Palace.

Macron arrived in Romania yesterday to visit the French military, based at the Mihail Cogalnicanu base near Constanta, which is part of a mission to strengthen NATO’s eastern flank following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. France leads a NATO battle group in Romania of about 800 troops, including 500 French troops, along with others from the Netherlands and Belgium. Paris has also deployed a surface-to-air missile system.

In the morning, before the start of the official program of the visit, Macron did a jog and then had breakfast with the military, reports the French television TV5 Monde.

Last night, Macron had dinner with the French and Belgian military from the NATO Response Force, and the menu included dishes from authentic Romanian cuisine.

Yesterday morning, French President Emmanuel Macron met with his Romanian counterpart, Klaus Johannes, to discuss the situation in Ukraine, support for the Republic of Moldova and Romania’s accession to the Schengen area. Macron then went on a visit to the Republic of Moldova.

The French leader has been criticized by Ukraine and its Eastern European allies for what they see as its ambiguous support for Ukraine in the war against Russia.

In recent days, French officials have sought to boost public relations, while Macron seems to have taken a firmer stance when he was with his troops.

“We will do everything we can to stop Russia’s military forces, to help the Ukrainians and their army, and to continue negotiations,” he told French and NATO troops at a military base in Romania.

“But in the foreseeable future, we will have to defend, dissuade and be present,” he said.

In recent weeks, Macron has repeatedly said it is vital not to “humiliate” Russia so that a diplomatic solution can be found when the fighting is over, and he has continued to keep channels of communication with the Kremlin open, annoying more Allied hawks.

This is the French president’s first tour of Southeast Europe since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

The global sale bypasses the ruble

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But the authorities do not like the strength of the ruble. However, they do not know how to tame it.

The Russian ruble was flat in Wednesday trading as stocks edged higher, protected from a wide-ranging global sell-off in recent days by Moscow’s capital controls.

At 14:20 Moscow time, the ruble was unchanged against the dollar at 56.58 and added 0.1% to trade at 59.1 against the euro.

The currency remains near multi-year highs thanks to Russia’s widening current account surplus and the recently relaxed capital controls that Moscow imposed after Western sanctions were imposed in an attempt to stem the ruble’s fall.

Isolated from the turmoil in world markets, Russian stock indices rose in trading in Moscow. The dollar-denominated RTS index rose by 0.56% to 1280.3 points. The Russian MOEX index, denominated in rubles, grew by 0.52% and amounted to 2,301.7 points.

The Russian political and business elite arrived in St. Petersburg on Wednesday for the annual Russian Economic Forum.

Once emblematic of the Kremlin’s openness to international investment, this year’s conference includes discussions on sanctions and the exit of Western businesses.

Hundreds of companies have left Russia in response to Moscow sending tens of thousands of troops to Ukraine as part of a special military operation.

At the same time, the authorities cannot yet stop the ruble from strengthening. The strengthening ruble is a challenge for the Russian economy, Maxim Reshetnikov said. Inflation and economic recession may be lower than expected; the country is going through the crisis better than expected in March, this may be the basis for adjusting the forecasts, in June the MED will reassess, he added.

Materials used: Thomson Reuters

The whiskey war is over! Denmark and Canada already have a land border

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After 100 years, the island of Hans in the Arctic Ocean was divided

The territorial dispute between Denmark and Canada over the island of Hans, called the Whiskey War, has been resolved. As incredible as it sounds, the European Union and Canada already have a land border.

The island of Hans, located in the territorial waters of Canada and Denmark, is located in the middle of the Kennedy Strait Arctic Ocean. For many years, his affiliation has been the subject of controversy between Denmark and Canada. The “intelligent war”, or “whiskey war”, as it is known, consisted of periodically changing the national flags of the two countries on the island.

Following the agreement, Denmark will control 60% of the island and Canada 40%. The agreement was signed by the leaders of both countries.

The war in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean lasted more than a hundred years The small rock called Hans (Hans Island, Ile Hans) with an area of ​​1.3 square kilometers is just a cobblestone piece of land where no one lives and nothing grows. But for the participants in the dispute, the question is fundamental – even a piece of stone can not be given to another country just like that.

In the beginning, the island did not belong to anyone. The Inuit locals have always known of its existence, but did not attach much importance to such barren land. In the early 1920s, a Danish expedition explored the area and in 1933, along with all of Greenland, added the island to its kingdom. The logic was simple: the island belongs to Greenland, and Greenland belongs to Denmark, which means that the island is also owned by the kingdom, decided in the Danish parliament.

Fifty years later, Denmark and Canada began negotiations on a maritime border between the two countries

In order for the contract to be completely fair, the division had to be done by computer. It would clarify to the millimeter where the middle passes between the territories and put a border right in the center. The computer did its job, crossing the center of Hans in two equal parts.

The agreement between Denmark and Canada included a line divided into 127 segments. The section between the 122nd and 123rd points is omitted – this is where the island of Hans is located, which caused the misunderstanding between the two countries. At the same time, the Canadian oil company sent its research team to the island to study the ice. Learning of this, the situation between the two countries worsened. Perhaps in addition to oil, other valuable treasures were hidden on the small island. In that case, the omission of the agreement could not be allowed. The parties convened a council again and agreed not to conduct any research so as not to escalate tensions.

In 1984, Denmark sent a warship to the area. . The military hoisted the Danish flag on the island, leaving a bottle of Danish schnapps under it and a note: “Welcome to the Danish island!”.

As soon as the Canadian team noticed the insidious act of their neighbors, they sent their “gift” to the island – changed the Danish flag to Canadian, and left on the ground bottles of Canadian whiskey “Canadian Club”. This is why the Hans Island dispute has been called the “whiskey war” or the “alcohol war” between Denmark and Canada.

The war lasted for over 30 years, and all the while one or the other side sent its own team, which drank the alcoholic property of the “enemy”, then declared the territory its own and replaced the foreign flag with its own. Knowing that the second country will undoubtedly return to the island sooner or later, the first remains there its national drink: the Danes – schnapps, and the Canadians – whiskey.

New rules on product safety bought online and offline for greater consumer safety

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product safety online and offline
© Roberto Cortese - Unsplash

The new rules on product safety aim to ensure that all kinds of products in the EU, whether sold online or in traditional shops, comply with the highest requirements.

On Thursday, the Internal Market Committee adopted its position on the EU’s updated rules on product safety of non-food consumer products with 41 in favour, one against and two abstentions. MEPs adopted changes to enhance the safety of products sold in the EU and future-proof the existing legal framework. MEPs also clarified obligations for economic operators and online marketplaces and strengthened product safety requirements.

Clearer rules for operators and safety of products

All economic operators, such as manufacturers, importers and distributers, would have to comply with the updated general safety obligations to place products on the EU market. If those economic operators are not established in the EU, they would have to designate a responsible person in the EU as a contact point for authorities.

If they fail to comply, penalties can reach up to 4% of their annual turnover.

MEPs also strengthened provisions on safety requirements for products to take into account possible specific risks to the most vulnerable consumers such as children, the elderly and persons with disabilities. Products should be safe for all users, including women, whose safety should also always be considered when products are designed. Technological aspects, like cyber interference, but also the effects that digitally connected products can have on children’s mental health need to be considered.

Removal of dangerous goods

According to the adopted text and in line with the recently agreed Digital Services Act, online marketplaces would have to establish single contact points to communicate swiftly with surveillance authorities and consumers. Authorities can oblige online marketplaces to remove and disable access to illegal listings of dangerous products. After being notified, online marketplaces would have one day to act. They would conduct random checks to identify the dangerous products.

MEPs also want the rapid alert system for dangerous products (“Safety Gate” portal) to be modernised to allow online marketplaces to detect unsafe products more easily. The portal should become more intuitive and information should be easily accessible for users, including persons with disabilities.

Efficient recall procedures and access to information

In case a dangerous product needs to be recalled or there is a safety warning, economic operators and online marketplaces would be required to inform consumers and widely disseminate the information online. Consumers would be informed of their right to repair, replacement or refund.

MEPs also added a provision to make sure that information on products’ safety is available in easily understandable language and accessible to persons with disabilities.

Quote

The rapporteur Dita Charanzová (Renew, CZ) said: “Today, we take a crucial step towards making sure all products are safe in Europe, by giving consumers more rights and businesses, including online marketplaces, more responsibilities. And importantly, we do so in a way that protects small businesses without limiting consumer choice. Our “Safety Net” will be more effective and new obligations will target sectors where action is most needed. I look forward to a quick adoption under the Czech Presidency of the Council of the EU.”

Next steps

Once the Council adopts its negotiating mandate, interinstitutional talks between Parliament and member states can start. Once an agreement is reached, it will have to be endorsed by Parliament and Council before its publication and entry into force.

The grim story of eugenics: What does it show?

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Sir Francis Galton, FRS FRAI, was an English Victorian era: statistician, sociologist, psychologist, anthropologist, tropical explorer, geographer, inventor, meteorologist, psychometrician and a proponent of social Darwinism, eugenics and scientific racism

Learn more about the troubling theory of human improvement

The term “eugenics” refers to a set of beliefs and practices that aim to improve the perceived genetic quality of the human population.

Although most often associated with the Nazi regime of the 1930s and 1940s, the history of eugenics is far more comprehensive than that, both in time and geographically.

The basic idea of ​​eugenics is that the human race can be genetically improved by excluding those groups that are considered lower and encouraging those groups that are considered higher.

While the term was most commonly used under the Nazi regime of the 1930s and 1940s, the concept of eugenics actually dates far back.

Browse our gallery and find out more about eugenics:

Ancient Greece: There is evidence of attempts to control human populations dating back to the ancient Greeks. Around 400 BC, Plato actually proposed selective breeding in humans.

Modern eugenics: The modern history of eugenics began in the late 19th century, when the discovery of evolution and genetics sparked a new scientific movement dedicated to the cause. The movement first appeared in the United Kingdom, where it was named by British scientist Francis Galton. The word “eugenics” comes from the Greek “eugenes”, which means “well born”.

From the United Kingdom, the movement spread to many countries around the world, including the United States, Canada, Australia and many European countries. With the spread of the movement, people began to wonder which genetic traits were desirable and which were not. The problem was that the desired genetic traits were largely determined by the prejudices that existed in the country at the time. Whole groups of people, including immigrants and people with disabilities, were considered “unfit” for reproduction based on their genetic traits.

Many countries have taken steps to control reproduction among “undesirable groups”, such as restricting immigration and banning interracial alliances. Perhaps the most horrific example of eugenics in action is the Nazi regime in Germany, which systematically eliminated millions of Jews and other minorities. The enormous scale and brutality of the Nazi regime made it an extraordinary event in the history of eugenics.

However, Nazi eugenic policy did not differ from the policies pursued by other governments around the world in the mid-20th century. Many countries have introduced formal eugenics policies, of which sterilization has often been a key element. Sweden, Canada and Japan, for example, have forcibly sterilized thousands of people. Sterilization of individuals with “undesirable” characteristics was particularly common in the United States. Between 1907 and 1979, more than 60,000 people in the United States were sterilized under eugenics policies, and 32 states passed laws to sterilize “mentally defective” individuals.

A person has often been defined as “mentally defective” based on superficial mental health diagnoses and intelligence tests. Moreover, the tests used to determine an individual’s mental capacity were often linguistically and culturally biased against the immigrant population. The situation in California, USA was particularly severe between 1920 and 1945 – many more Latin American women were sterilized than other women.

After the atrocities of World War II, many countries began to ban their eugenics policies, although some countries continued to use forced sterilization for decades. The countries that have slowly given up forced sterilization are Sweden and the United States, and laws in California were not repealed until 1979.

Although the general influence of eugenics has been blunted since the mid-20th century, many countries continue to carry out illegal forced sterilizations. In addition, since the 1980s and 1990s, there have been fears that eugenics may return with a vengeance thanks to new technologies. The development of assisted reproductive technology procedures, including cytoplasmic transfer, which was first performed in 1996, has raised concerns about a new, more powerful form of eugenics.

Illustration: Francis Galton

Resorts are empty, hotels are closed: it became known how sanctions affected tourism in Europe

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Europe – and in particular, its resorts – suffered significantly more from the sanctions imposed against Russia than tourism in Russia. The fact is that many “Russian” resorts in Europe were left virtually without tourists, according to tourprom.ru. Some countries where Russians traditionally vacationed, as well as where a lot of real estate was bought, are threatened by a simply disastrous tourist season this summer. Interestingly, this assessment of the situation is voiced by Turkish experts.

Thus, the assessment of the “reflection of anti-Russian sanctions” on European tourism was described in detail by a Turkish tourism expert, a representative of the Antalya resort, Recep Yavuz. “Russia, which used to send 45 million tourists around the world and generate $36 billion in added value, has the ability to flip the balance. We see this now, when due to sanctions, not a single plane has taken off from Russia or landed in any area of ​​Europe since February. The damage this has caused to the EU countries cannot be underestimated,” he said.

According to him, the income from tourism in European countries has already collapsed, since Russia has been closed by air sanctions since February – and only new losses are expected in the season. Russian tourists were preferred in many resorts and made an important economic contribution. “European countries that relied on the Russians fell into the trap of the embargo they imposed,” says a Turkish expert.

Among the affected countries, he names the following countries:

• Cyprus and Greece – according to Turkish experts, these countries can be called the most affected by the absence of Russian tourists due to the embargo.

• The 350,000 Russian tourists who have summer villas in Bulgaria have no chance of coming to the country.

• Montenegro is one of the countries where Russian “dachas” are concentrated, but tens of thousands of houses will be left empty because of the Russians who cannot come to the country. Yacht tourism will also suffer.

• In Italy, which started 2022 with a target of 37 million tourists, the share of Russians is 2.5%. Italy struggles to find tourists who shop and stay in high end places like Milan. Previously, about 1 million Russian tourists traveled only to Rome. The economic losses caused by Russian tourists who were unable to come due to the embargo this year are expected to amount to 150 million euros, again in Rome alone.

• The “Russian” resort of Karlovy Vary in the Czech Republic also remained empty this year. “The fact that wealthy Russian tourists came to the region before the pandemic and spent an average of 3 weeks in the hot springs was the most important source of income in the region. It’s been going on for about 30 years now, and it’s completely over with sanctions and stuff. In the absence of Russian tourists, who were of great importance not only for the resorts, but also for the merchants of the city, the city is practically deserted. By the end of May, just a few rooms are loaded in hotels, the shops are empty and closed, ”says the Turkish expert.

Spain also suffered, with 1.3 million Russian tourists. “The Spaniards, who once flew Russian flags saying ‘Don’t come again!’, are now looking for Russian tourists with lanterns,” says Mr. Yavuz.

The Havana Effect: Why there will be a second-hand car boom in the EU after 2035

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On the basis of a decision of the European Parliament from 2035 on the territory of the EU will stop the sale of cars with internal combustion engines. Their place will be taken by electric cars and other environmentally friendly vehicles. However, driving petrol and diesel cars will not be banned.

According to analysts, this could cause “the Havana effect, where instead of new and expensive cars, people will start buying second-hand cars en masse.

Freedom Island

Anyone who has been to Cuba or is interested in traveling knows that in this country the roads are mostly retro cars, which are sometimes 70 years old. Especially many of these cars are in the resorts and the capital of Havana.

The American classics of the 50s and 60s of the last century look authentic and give the island of Freedom a kind of charm. People seem to be in the past thanks to a time machine. Cubans, however, ride retro cars not from a very good life. The embargo on car imports imposed on the country is to blame. The Cubans never learned to make their own cars.

Something similar could happen in Europe. Car owners are used to their petrol vehicles. They have their advantages and are cheaper than electric cars. If the latter do not become cheaper and the mileage is not increased with one charge, it is likely that many EU citizens will use the available equipment to the last. It is possible that from 2035 there will be a boom in second-hand cars in the EU.

Before the locomotive

By the way, European countries do not intend to wait for a unified solution and have started approving national programs for the transition to environmentally friendly modes of transport.

Surprisingly, the residents of the northern countries, where the operation of electric vehicles is complicated by heavy rainfall, snowfall and severe cold, are most in favor of reducing harmful emissions.

For example, cars with petrol or diesel engines will not be sold in Norway from 2025. Currently, the share of electric cars has exceeded 65%. Britain, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands and Belgium are planning a “green transition” in 2030.

France intends to take this step no later than 2040. But if uniform EU rules are adopted, the process will have to be speeded up.

Manufacturers do not mind

It can be assumed that car manufacturers will resist the innovations until the end, will sabotage the decisions and will lobby for the extension of the term for sales of cars with internal combustion engines.

But to everyone’s surprise, the companies are ready for the changes, despite the huge funds they will have to invest in the construction and re-equipment of the production.

After all, everyone will work under the same conditions. Manufacturers have long understood where the wind blows. For example, General Motors, Volvo, Jaguar and Ford already have strategies for abandoning classic engines as well as switching to electric ones.

Volkswagen and Mercedes announced something similar. Chinese and Japanese manufacturers also have the necessary technology. However, it is sad that serious competencies in the production of fossil fuel engines will be lost.

The technology of production of gasoline engines has developed a lot in its time and has even become almost an art.

However, not everyone is ready for change.

Meanwhile, not all EU member states support a complete abandonment of internal combustion engines. In the first place, this affects poor countries. The Czech Republic, where Skoda is produced, is strongly opposed.

Currently, the models of the brand are in great demand, but the company does not have large resources for the re-equipment of production. In Germany – the automotive capital of the world – also rages serious passions.

Expensive models with powerful engines are the locomotive and the pride of the industry. Will Mercedes, Porsche, BMW keep their character in the transition to electric motors?

Politician Hans Gizeke says the EU should expect a “Havana effect”. However, the Green Party, which came to power, believes that changes are needed. “The sooner we succeed in the transition to Europe and get rid of dependence on expensive fossil fuels, the better we will feel in the face of global competition,” said Katharina Drege, head of the Greens in the German Bundestag.

Terrifying archaeological find discovered in Northern Israel

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Archaeological excavations at an ancient cemetery in Beit Shearim in the north of the country have unearthed an unusual tomb with a threatening warning written in Greek.

The Israel Antiquities Authority, in collaboration with the Zinman Institute of Archeology at the University of Haifa, discovered an 1,800-year-old find at the Beit Shearim excavation site.

It is reported by Maariv.

On the headstone in blood red: “Jacob Hagar swore to curse whoever opened this tomb so that no one would open it. For 60 years.”

Adi Ehrlich, an archaeologist at the University of Haifa, said it appears that the deceased intended to make sure that his resting place was eternal. She said: “This was to prevent others from opening up his grave at a later stage, which happens quite often, in order to reuse graves after a long time.”

Like it or not, the warning seems to have worked, as at the time of this writing archaeologists have decided to honor the will of the dead. “We have blocked off the cave for now to guard the tomb, but no excavations are currently planned,” Ehrlich said.

It is also the first address to be listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 65 years, and experts believe it has existed since the late Roman or early Byzantine period.

Photo: Sergei Alon/Pen News

Robot barmaid Dunyasha, a pack of soda in space… Who welcomes SPIEF 2022 guests at stands

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The attention of the guests of the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum (SPIEF) was attracted by the robot barmaid Dunyasha, the revived pack of soda and melancholy narwhals, reports medialeaks.ru. At the booths, visitors were greeted by a cashier in the guise of a Stepford wife, a package of abrasive that mixed the powder and flew into space, and huge underwater animals.

On June 15, the 25th SPIEF-2022 Economic Forum opened in St. Petersburg, which will bring together representatives of 127 states. Egypt was the guest country, and the main theme of the three-day event was the motto “New World – New Opportunities” by the organizers.

RBC journalists who attended the opening of the SPIEF drew attention to the stand with ice cream, which is sold by the robot barmaid Dunyasha. The video shows that the “cashier” was created as a bright blonde with uniforms, in a pink dress and large beads – her outfit resembles a mixture of the images of the “Stepford Wives” and saleswomen in the USSR in the 50s of the XX century.

Robot Dunyasha

Blinking occasionally, the barmaid gave compliments to the guest and told interesting facts about St. Petersburg.

Nice to meet you, you look great. My name is Dunyasha, what is your name? For such a sweet girl, I have the most fantastic ice cream and fabulously aromatic coffee.

The video with Dunyasha went viral in Runet, and some users drew attention to the chest of the robot. It is known that the prototype of Dunyasha was “Mrs. Perm-2014” Diana Gabdullina.

Also in social networks drew attention to the stand of the Bashkir soda company. Representatives of the company installed a screen on which there was an image of a live pack of soda. At first, the packaging stubbornly mixed white powder in a bowl and invited her to come closer.

Interactive Soda Pack

Then the soda left the city and, meditating, flew first to the mountains, and then into space.

The video from the Gazpromneft booth shows that the guests were “greeted” by a stern walrus and narwhals melancholy swimming under the water.

Also, guests and participants of the event can visit the stand of Donbass, go to the Egyptian pavilion and treat themselves to dishes from the menu of Mediterranean, Russian and Pan-Asian cuisine worth 4,500 rubles per set.

Earlier, Medialeaks told how the robot Fedor became a daredevil in the eyes of Runet users and jokingly criticized the head of Roscosmos, Dmitry Rogozin.

In another article by Medialeaks, you can read how the Russians tried to talk to the voice assistant “Alisa” and find out her opinion about the Russian special operation in Ukraine.