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Economic recovery pushed EU emissions up in 2021 but long-term trend remains positive, final data

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Economic recovery pushed EU emissions up in 2021 but long-term trend remains positive, final data

Official data, published today by the European Environment Agency (EEA), confirm that the economic recovery in 2021 increased the EU’s greenhouse gas emissions but their level remained lower than before the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, the EU has reduced its emissions by 30% since 1990. 

The EEA has published the ‘Annual EU greenhouse gas inventory 1990-2021 and inventory report 2023’, which is the EU’s official submission of greenhouse gas emission data to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).  

The emission inventory shows that EU greenhouse gas emissions increased considerably, by 6.2%, from 2020 to 2021 but remained at lower level than before the pandemic. According to the EEA analysis, the main reasons for the emission increase from 2020 to 2021 were the overall economic recovery after the 2020 lockdowns, increased coal use in the power sector and higher transport demand. 

Considering the entire 1990-2021 period, there is still a clear, long-term trend of decreasing emissions in the EU. The total net greenhouse gas emissions of the 27 EU Member States have decreased by about 30% from 1990 to 2021 while the EU economy has grown by 61%, the EEA report notes.

Annual European Union GHG inventory 1990–2021 and inventory report 2023

Main contributing factors to the long-term decrease include the growing use of renewables, burning less coal, improving energy efficiency, structural changes in the EU economy and milder winters. Despite the increase of 2021, the use of coal in public electricity and heat production has been halved in the EU since 1990. 

Most economic sectors in the EU have reduced their emissions from 1990 to 2021, with biggest cuts in public electricity and heat production. Emissions have increased in transport and cooling sectors, and net removals have decreased in forest land due to increased harvesting and aging and slower growth of forests. 

Later this year, the EEA will publish its annual ‘Trends and projections’ analysis on the EU progress towards its climate and energy goals, and the approximated greenhouse gas emission data for 2022. The EU has committed to an at least 55% reduction in net emissions by 2030 and climate neutrality by 2050. 

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Remove browser hijackers to improve your online security

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Remove browser hijackers to improve your online security

Browser hijackers are an annoying and potentially dangerous problem that can disrupt your browsing experience and compromise your online security. It occurs when a malicious program or website takes control of your web browser, changing its default settings and redirecting you to unwanted or harmful pages.

Fortunately, there are steps you can take to remove browser hijacking and protect your online privacy. Let’s go over some effective methods to remove browser hijackers from your computer.

What is browser hijacker? 

To a full understanding of the issue, it’s best to start with the explanation of what a browser hijacker really is. 

A browser hijacker is a type of malicious software that can take control of your web browser without your permission. Once installed on your computer, a browser hijacker can modify your browser settings, such as your homepage and search engine, and redirect you to unwanted websites or advertisements.

Some browser hijackers can also track your online activity and steal your personal information, such as your login credentials, credit card numbers, and other sensitive data. They can be very harmful and can compromise your online security and privacy, making it important to remove browser hijacking as soon as possible.

Identify the Symptoms of Browser Hijacking

The first step to removing a browser hijacker is to identify the symptoms that you are experiencing. Here are some common signs of browser hijacking:

  • Your homepage has been changed without your consent.
  • Your default search engine has been replaced with a different one.
  • You see unwanted toolbars, pop-up ads, or new tabs opening up automatically.
  • Your browser runs slower than usual, and pages take longer to load.
  • You are redirected to unfamiliar or suspicious websites.

If you notice any of these symptoms, it is likely that your browser has been hijacked. In this case, it is important to take action as soon as possible to remove the hijacker and restore your browser’s settings.

How to remove the browser hijackers

If you suspect that your computer has been infected with a browser hijacker, there are several methods you can use to remove it.

First and most recommended method, as it will do the job for you, is using a reputable anti-malware software. It will not only identify any malicious software present on your computer, but also remove it. 

It’s also important to reset your web browser to its default setting, as despite using anti-malware software there may be some unwanted extensions installed or settings changed by the hijacker. You may follow the tips on how to safely open apps on your Mac device. 

Last but not least, update your computers operating system and web browser to the latest version. It’s crucial for the latest security updates. 

Following these steps can help you fight against hijacking effectively. However, to avoid further similar issues, it’s important to know what you may do to prevent the attacks. 

How to prevent browser hijacking 

There are plenty of ways hijackers may get access to your computer. It doesn’t mean you can’t do anything to prevent it, quite the opposite. Following these simple tips may prevent lots of problems arising from browser hijacking. 

One of the most important rules, when you’re online, is to avoid clicking on any email links when you are not sure where they may lead you. Ignore any pop-up adverts, encouraging you to update your Flash Player or your system. 

Downloading any software or app, always use only trust-worthy websites, as free download pages are most likely to infect your computer. 

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Poland demonstrated in defense of the good name of Pope John Paul II

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Poland demonstrated in defense of the good name of Pope John Paul II

Thousands of Poles demonstrated today in defense of the good name of former Pope John Paul II, who was recently accused of covering up pedophile crimes while he was an archbishop, AFP and Reuters reported.

On horseback, in period costumes, or simply with the Vatican flag in yellow and white or the Polish flag in white and red, several tens of thousands of Poles flocked to Warsaw to take part in a National March for the Pope, who died in April 2005. , an AFP journalist reported.

Like all other such initiatives, this march was organized by Catholic organizations with the open support of the government and the ruling nationalist populist Law and Justice (PiS) party.

Polish Defense Minister Mariusz Blaszczak also took part in the procession.

Just as every honest person protects his children, his father and mother, so every Pole protects Pope John Paul II, read one of the placards carried by participants in the march.

The Prime Minister of Poland, Mateusz Morawiecki, wrote on Twitter that the Poles are passing the test by being bearers of the truth to oppose lies, slander and insults.

We thank God for the immeasurable gift that the Polish Pope was and remains to the Church, to Poland and to the world, stressed PiS chairman Jarosław Kaczynski in a letter to his party members.

We are standing up to protect his honor and good name, Kaczynski said a few months before the parliamentary elections in Poland.

On the same day, a statue of John Paul II was vandalized in central Poland’s Lodz – the figure’s hands were painted red, and the monument’s base was inscribed with “Maxima Cupa” (“The Greatest Guilt”). The text is related to the title of the book by the Dutch correspondent in Warsaw, Eke Overbeek, “The Greatest Guilt. John Paul II Knew”, published recently in Poland.

In this book and in a report on the private television Te Pau En, it is alleged that the future pope covered up cases of pedophilia. This sparked a heated debate in Poland between the executive and the Church on the one hand, and liberals and the left on the other.

Copenhagen Zoo is implementing a new strategy to encourage the love lives of its two pandas

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Gaston de Persigny
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Females are fertile for only 24 to 36 hours in the spring

Concerned that its two pandas are late to breed, Copenhagen Zoo is implementing a new strategy to encourage their love lives, as the species are known to have difficulty reproducing, AFP reported.

The zoo in the Danish capital decided to put the pandas in the same enclosure a month earlier than usual, so that they can get used to each other before the moment of breeding, instead of quarreling noisily during the fateful period.

The zoo’s website posted a photo of the two animals staring at each other with disdain – a sign that love is not yet “in the air”.

On loan from China for 15 years, Mao Sun and Xin Er arrived in Copenhagen in the spring of 2019. Since then, all attempts to breed them have failed.

“We are trying an approach that has been successful with our polar and brown bears – to collect them now, even though Mao Sun will not be ready for love for several weeks,” explains veterinarian Mads Frost Bertelsen.

A panda’s break-up period lasts only two to three days, and zoo officials hope their new strategy will allow the animals to get to know each other again, fight and vent their frustrations before the moment of passion arrives.

“Pandas live alone and don’t like the company of others much, except for the few days a year when the female is driven away. During the first few days they are together, there can be serious clashes. We hope that the extra time that will spend together will allow them to stop fighting and focus on mating when the time is right,” says Bertelsen.

Breeding pandas is particularly difficult in captivity. Females are only fertile for 24 to 36 hours in the spring, according to the International Panda Conservation Organization.

“The problem is that they don’t really know what to do and they only have one time a year to train,” adds the vet. He adds that animals also have a problem with synchronization.

According to the organization, the panda population numbers 1,864 specimens, of which 600 live in captivity worldwide.

Source: Zoologisk Have København Instagram (@copenhagenzoo)

Illustrative Photo by Diana Silaraja:

Artificial intelligence can predict depression and anxiety

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It has been found that mental health problems are often reflected in the language used by sufferers

Researchers at the University of Sao Paulo in Brazil are using artificial intelligence and the social platform Twitter to create predictive models for depression and anxiety, which in the future may help detect these conditions before clinical diagnosis. This was reported by the electronic edition “Medical Express”.

The results of the research were published in the magazine “Language Resources and Evaluation”.

The first element of the study is the construction of a database called “SetembroBR”. It contains information from a Portuguese-language text analysis and a network of connections involving 3,900 Twitter users who, before the study, said they had been diagnosed or treated for mental health problems. The database includes all public posts of these users, or a total of about 47 million short text messages.

“First we manually collected the posts, analyzed the tweets of about 19,000 people, equivalent to the population of a village or small town. Then we used two sets of databases – of people diagnosed with mental problems and a randomly selected control group,” said the head of the study by Ivandre Paraboni, a lecturer in the College of Arts, Sciences and Humanities at the University of São Paulo.

In the study, tweets of friends and followers of the participants were collected and analyzed. “These people are attracted to each other. They have common interests,” said Paraboni, who is also a researcher at the Center for Artificial Intelligence.

The second phase of the study is still ongoing, but there are already preliminary results. According to them, it is possible to predict whether a person is prone to develop depression based only on his friends and followers on social networks, without analyzing the content of his personal posts.

Previous research has found that mental health problems are often reflected in the language used by sufferers. Most of these studies analyzed texts in English.

Photo by cottonbro studio:

Ukraine weaponized pickups – tiny Grad on the go

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Ukraine weaponized pickups – tiny Grad on the go

Western countries are supplying a lot of weapons to Ukraine, believing that Ukraine can win this war. In addition to weapons, SUVs and pickup trucks are also sent to Ukraine. While they are mainly meant for logistics, pickup trucks sometimes are transformed into real multiple launch rocket systems.

Pickup serves as a good platform for a light multiple launch rocket system. Image credit: Ministry of Defense of Ukraine via Wikimedia (CC BY-SA 2.0)

It’s like a tiny BM-21 Grad – this is how you can jokingly describe these improvised missile systems. But maybe not so jokingly – both Grad and these armed pickups are considered to be rocket artillery and are designed to destroy everything in a certain area. These weapons can be highly effective.

Pickups with their rocket launchers are very fast compared to other self-propelled weapons of this type. And, depending on the engine and the chassis system, they find their way off-road as well.

What are these pickup trucks launching? Defense Express explained last June that S-8 rocket launchers are being mounted on pickup trucks in Ukraine.

Developed back in the 1970s, the S-8 is an 80 mm rocket originally designed for aircrafts. The S-8 rockets are used by various fighter jets, attack aircraft, and helicopters. Since S-8 rockets have been in service since 1984 and were adapted to a huge variety of Soviet aircraft, Ukraine has a considerable stockpile of them. And the defenders of Ukraine found ways to launch them from pickup trucks.

The type of pickup doesn’t matter – the vehicle is just a base for the launcher. Image credit: 129th Territorial Defense Brigade of Kryvyi Rih City via Wikimedia (CC BY 4.0)

The S-8 is not some guided missile, but that only makes their improvised use easier. S-8 rockets can carry many different types of warheads, including anti-armor, fragmentation, incendiary, smoke, and others.

It looks like the defenders of Ukraine are mounting multiple S-8 air launchers on a simple welded frame. The good thing is that the S-8 missiles were designed for volleys – there are both 7 and 20 rocket launchers.

They can be modified, adapted to a different number of rockets. The frame designed by the defenders of Ukraine is not complicated – the rockets are aimed by hand. The switchgear is located in the cab of the pickup.

On April 15, 2023, a new video with pickup truck MLRS was published online:

 

It’s hard to say what the range of a system like this is. Some time ago Belarus developed a ground-based multiple launch rocket system based on the S-8, capable of launching a salvo of up to 80 such rockets. It was claimed to have a range of 3-5 km.

By comparison, the BM-21 Grad system can aim at targets of up to 52 km away. However, the S-8 rockets are quite cheap and smaller (the Grad uses 122 mm rockets), allowing for a greater number of them to be launched for more destruction.

In the case of the Ukrainian pickups, 3-5 km is a good combat range, because having launched its rockets the pickup can peel off at high speed before being noticed.

 

Source: Ukraina 365 Telegram , Wikipedia


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Number of M109 howitzers in Ukraine substantially increased, after the latest arrivals

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Number of M109 howitzers in Ukraine substantially increased, after the latest arrivals

Ukraine now operates around 80 units of M109s self-propelled howitzers of various configurations.

Italian battery of M109L self-propelled howitzers in entrenched firing positions. Image credit: SGT. Brian Gavin, U.S. Army

The number of M109s in service with the Ukrainian Armed Forces jumped up after Italy donated 30 vehicles from its own stocks.

A batch of Italian M109L howitzers was spotted several days ago, en route to Ukraine. Apparently, they were part of a larger delivery – different media sources already mentioned that the first units have been operating in Ukraine “for several weeks”.

This military assistance from the Italian Army took some time to arrive to its destination. The decision to donate M109Ls was made back in 2022. But before they could be sent, these machines had to be refurbished, and the funds for this purpose were provided by the United States.

The situation for this move was very favorable, because Italy had recently phased out their M109L artillery units in favor of the German Panzerhaubitze 2000 (PzH 2000). In 2010, Italy operated 221 units of these self-propelled howitzers. There is a real chance that more of them could be provided to Ukraine in the future, following the successful delivery of the first batch.

Despite being an older platform, M109 remains a very capable vehicle. The Italian version corresponds to the M109A3 modification, but uses a domestically made 155mm 39 caliber gun from Otobreda (Oto Melara) instead of the standard M185 cannon. This machine can reach 60 km/h (37 mph) speed on the road, and 25 km/h (15.5 mph) off-road. Its total weight is 28 tons. Its operational range is up to 320 km (around 200 miles).

In terms of combat performance, M109L has a firing range 24 to 30 kilometers (15-19 miles), depending on the type of artillery round. It can shoot up to 4 rounds per minute in a maximum mode, for a period of 3 minutes, or 1 rpm in sustained mode.


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SpaceX Starship flight to test today

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SPACEX. SpaceX will be launching today Monday, April 17 at 8:00 a.m. CT the first flight test of a fully integrated Starship and Super Heavy rocket from Starbase in Texas.

The official website explains that “Starship is a fully reusable transportation system designed to carry both crew and cargo to Earth orbit, help humanity return to the Moon, and travel to Mars and beyond. With a test such as this, success is measured by how much we can learn, which will inform and improve the probability of success in the future as SpaceX rapidly advances development of Starship”.

To date, the SpaceX team has completed multiple sub-orbital flight tests of Starship’s upper stage from Starbase, successfully demonstrating an unprecedented approach to controlled flight. These flight tests helped validate the vehicle’s design, proving Starship can fly through the subsonic phase of entry before re-lighting its engines and flipping itself to a vertical configuration for landing.

In addition to the testing of Starship’s upper stage, the team has conducted numerous tests of the Super Heavy rocket, which include the increasingly complex static fires that led to a full-duration 31 Raptor engine test – the largest number of simultaneous rocket engine ignitions in history. The team has also constructed the world’s tallest rocket launch and catch tower. At 146 meters, or nearly 500 feet tall, the launch and catch tower is designed to support vehicle integration, launch, and catch of the Super Heavy rocket booster. For the first flight test, the team will not attempt a vertical landing of Starship or a catch of the Super Heavy booster.

A live webcast of the flight test will begin ~45 minutes before liftoff. As is the case with all developmental testing, this schedule is dynamic and likely to change, so be sure to stay tuned to our social media channels for updates.

As we venture into new territory, we continue to appreciate all of the support and encouragement we have received from those who share our vision of a future where humanity is out exploring among the stars!

‘Let us learn from indigenous peoples’, UN chief declares

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‘Let us learn from indigenous peoples’, UN chief declares

Indigenous peoples “hold many of the solutions to the climate crisis and are guardians of the world’s biodiversity,” in places as varied as the Amazon, the Sahel, and the Himalayas, said Mr. Guterres.

Exploitation, evictions

The UN chief acknowledged that indigenous peoples struggle to adapt to the climate crisis, and face the exploitation of their resource-rich territories, eviction from their ancestral lands, and physical attacks.

The Secretary-General pointed to the adoption of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in 2007, which has led to broader participation of Indigenous Peoples in the work of the organization, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.

“The United Nations is committed to keep promoting the rights of Indigenous Peoples in policies and programming at all levels and amplifying your voices,” declared the UN chief. “Let us learn from and embrace the experiences of indigenous peoples.”

With less that 36 hours left in negotiations at COP27, activists demand action on loss and damage.

‘Stop the persecution of rights defenders’

Darío Mejia Montalvo, an indigenous member of the Zenú community in the Colombian Caribbean, and president of the UNPFII, noted the arduous struggle faced by indigenous people.

Debt to rights defenders

“Those who came before us on this path,” he said, in remarks delivered during the opening session, “were able to open up the doors of the United Nations, thanks to their strength.

“I pay tribute to the leaders of indigenous peoples and allies who have lost their lives, defending their peoples and their territories. This Forum belongs to them.”

Mr. Montalvo, describing the Forum as the greatest meeting of cultural and political diversity in the world, said that indigenous peoples are prepared to offer solutions to the climate crisis, and share their experiences.

Indigenous must at the table

“The issues of climate change and biodiversity cannot be resolved without the real and effective participation of indigenous peoples,” he argued, adding that energy transition policies must take indigenous peoples into account from the very beginning.

“Urgent climate action involves stopping the persecution, homicide and criminalization of indigenous brothers and sisters and their actions defending human rights and the rights of nature,” declared Mr. Montalvo.

Indigenous Brazilians at the UN.

Indigenous Brazilians at the UN.

‘Ancestral knowledge, nurtured over centuries’

The President of the General Assembly, Csaba Kőrösi, declared that the world is still paying the price for taking such a long time to learn from indigenous peoples, about the ways in which the health of the planet and the health of people are intrinsically linked.

Mr. Kőrösi said that the UN needs to understand the factors impacting the health and well-being of indigenous peoples, and address them in a holistic and rights-based manner.

“Your peoples’ ancestral knowledge, nurtured over centuries, has paved the way for the development of many modern medicines,” argued the General Assembly President. “As guardians of 80 per cent of the world’s biodiversity, you hold traditional proficiency in how to adapt, mitigate and reduce climate risks.”

Mr. Kőrösi invited delegates to bolster the international community’s quest for solutions that promote peace, ensure the protection of human rights and foster sustainable development.

Women of the Lisu ethnic minority, from Yunnan province, China, in traditional dress.

Women of the Lisu ethnic minority, from Yunnan province, China, in traditional dress.

Indigenous youth can transform the world: ECOSOC President

Lachezara Stoeva, the President of the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), noted that the theme for this year’s session – “Indigenous Peoples, human health, planetary and territorial health, and climate change: a rights-based approach” – holds particular relevance for the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as it emphasizes the connections between human health and the health of the planet.

“Climate action, and good health and well-being, are two core goals of the 2030 Agenda,” said Ms. Stoeva. “And, as we know, the SDGs are deeply interconnected. A lack of progress on one Goal hinders progress on all the others.”

The ECOSOC President praised the improved collaboration between the Permanent Forum and other ECOSOC subsidiary bodies, such as the UN Forum on Forests and the UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names, and looked forward to the continued participation of Indigenous youth at the Youth Forum, together with the Indigenous Youth caucus, whose voices and proposals, she said, can transform the world into a fairer, greener and more sustainable place.

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Yemen at ‘critical juncture’ in bid to end eight-year war: UN Special Envoy

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Yemen at ‘critical juncture’ in bid to end eight-year war: UN Special Envoy

“One year on since the parties agreed to a truce under UN auspices, Yemen is again at a critical juncture,” he said, speaking via videoconference. 

“I believe we have not seen such a serious opportunity for making progress towards ending the conflict in eight years. But the tide could still turn unless the parties take bolder steps toward peace,” he warned. 

Historic prisoner exchange 

Mr. Grundberg noted that although the landmark truce ran out six months ago, it continues to deliver results, and the parties are engaging on next steps.  

They have also shown that negotiation can be effective.  Over the weekend, nearly 900 people from all sides, who had been detained in connection with the conflict, were released from prison – the result of meetings held last month in Switzerland under the auspices of the UN.   

Meanwhile, many aspects of the landmark truce continue to be implemented, representing another encouraging sign. 

Relative calm amid conflict 

“Yemen is experiencing the longest period of relative calm yet in this ruinous war,” he said. “Food, fuel and other commercial ships continue to flow into Hudaydah. And commercial flights continue between Sana’a International Airport and Amman.” 

However, he was adamant that this is not enough as Yemen’s people still live with unimaginable hardship.  Furthermore, recent military activity in several governorates raises the potential for escalation, which could quickly reverse hard-won gains. 

Engagement towards peace 

Mr. Grundberg noted that while the truce was an important achievement, it was meant to be a temporary measure towards talks to end the war.  

He continues engagement towards identifying a permanent ceasefire and reactivation of the political process, as well as measures to alleviate the dire economic and humanitarian situations in the country. 

He added that discussions are also ongoing among Yemeni and regional stakeholders, including Saudi Arabia and Oman. The UN envoy has also welcomed a statement by Saudi and Iranian foreign ministers on enhancing cooperation on regional security, issued following a meeting in China’s capital, Beijing. 

Seize the moment 

Mr. Grundberg stressed that any new agreement in Yemen must be a clear step toward a Yemeni-led political process, requiring strong commitment from the parties to meet and negotiate in good faith. He acknowledged that a lot of work lies ahead to build trust and ultimately achieve peace. 

“Mediation efforts will always adapt and evolve. But, if the parties allow this moment to pass by without coming to agreement, it will be truly regrettable,” he said, urging the international community to “redouble its support to ensure this delicate and rare opportunity is not lost.” 

Deliver lasting peace 

A top official with the UN humanitarian affairs office, OCHA, also called for seizing this “unprecedented opportunity to make more progress toward peace” in Yemen. 

Ghada Eltahir Mudawi, OCHA’s Deputy Director of Operations and Advocacy, said this could dramatically improve lives and reduce suffering. 

“We need urgent and unequivocal action on three points: increased funding, unimpeded access and investments to stabilize the economy. But more than anything, Yemenis need lasting peace. Now is the time to deliver it,” she said. 

Outbreaks spreading rapidly 

Ms. Mudawi told the Council that more than 21 million Yemenis require emergency assistance, and recent torrential rains have affected over 100,000 people, adding to the numbers.  

Although the humanitarian impact has been relatively limited, worse weather is expected. Additionally, 10,000 people have been displaced by recent escalating clashes in Ma’rib and Shabwah governorates. 

Meanwhile, measles, polio and other preventable diseases “are spreading at a dangerous pace”, and humanitarians fear outbreaks could deteriorate fast.  This is particularly the case in Houthi-controlled areas, where there are increasing impediments to immunization, as well as misinformation that is fuelling vaccine scepticism.

Constraints and impediments 

Ms. Mudawi said aid agencies are doing all they can in Yemen. Last year, they were able to avert the worst, and the number of people facing severe food insecurity even dropped from 19 million to 17 million. 

She feared that these gains could be lost due to funding constraints and the challenging operating environment in the country, characterized by “large and chronic access impediments”, mainly in Houthi-controlled areas. 

She said Yemeni women aid workers in these regions are currently hindered by movement restrictions, which has severely impeded the provision of critical services which only they can deliver.  This has also undercut the ability reach the most vulnerable communities. 

Preparing for tomorrow 

Insecurity is also another challenge, with humanitarians falling victim to at least two car-jackings in recent months. Two UN staff also remain detained in Sana’a, after nearly 18 months, and five staff abducted in Abyan last year are still missing. 

While funding and access are critical now, humanitarians also must prepare for the long run, which means addressing Yemen’s deteriorating economy and other underlying drivers of need, said Ms. Mudawi. 

Protecting the flow of commercial imports is thus crucial.  Despite a recent easing in import restrictions – which has allowed more food, fuel and other items into the country – humanitarians are concerned about continued obstructions, particularly affecting overland transport of commercial goods to Houthi-controlled areas. 

Ms. Mudawi said beyond commercial imports, much more must be done to stabilize the economy, such as strengthening incomes, scaling up demining efforts and restoring basic services.  

She added that the resumption of oil exports from Government-held areas is also critical, including for strengthening foreign currency reserves. 

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