Agadir – The number of detected irregular border crossings along the European Union’s external borders fell by 13% in 2020. According to figures collected by Frontex, the European Border and Coast Guard Agency, this was primarily due to the COVID-19 restrictions many countries put in place. 

Both Western and Eastren Meditarenean saw a marked decrease in irregular migration last year. The Western Meditarenean, primarily Spain, recorded 17,000 arrivals, a 28% decrease compared to 2019. Meanwhile, the Eastern Meditaranean recorded only 20,000 border crossings, a decrease of 76%, the biggest drop in arrivals across the EU.

While COVID-19 restrictions certainly have played their part in reducing irregular migration, also notable have been Morocco’s efforts to curb irregular crossings.

Morocco has witnessed continued success in stopping attempted irregular migration operations bound for Spain, causing undocumented migrants passing through Morocco to seek new routes, such as crossing the Atlantic towards the Canary Islands. 

As a result, the Canary Islands experienced a record number of undocumented migrantion in 2020, with over 22,600 irregular border crossings detected on the Western African migratory route. With an increase of eight times compared to 2019, this was the highest number of irregular border crossings recorded by Frontex since it began collecting data in 2009.

<p>Most migrants departed from West African countries such as Mauritania, Senegal, and Gambia, with smugglers using large fishing boats capable of carrying large numbers of people at once.

Similarly, the Central Mediterranean route also saw an increase of traffic, recording 35,600 arrivals, an increase of 154%. Tunisia saw a sharp growth of departures, but most undocumented migrants came from Libya.
A notable point of the report is the decline in child migration, with approximately 10% of irregular migrants being under the age of 18, compared to 23% in 2019. 

The government’s proposals to enable British musicians to tour the EU without having to negotiate individual visa requirements for each member state were not fit for purpose, according to an EU spokesperson.

As it stands, British musicians may be forced to pay for country-specific visas and equipment carnets when touring the continent – a situation that has been decried by the British music industry as prohibitively expensive and laborious, potentially limiting its £5.8bn contribution to the economy.

The government and the EU have been blaming one another for the breakdown of negotiations regarding visa-free touring on the continent since the Independent reported on Sunday that the UK has refused to allow European acts 90 days of visa-free travel, prompting widespread condemnation, including from Radiohead’s Thom Yorke, who called the government “spineless”.

On Wednesday, culture secretary Oliver Dowden sought to blame the EU for the red tape facing British touring musicians, telling NME that it had “repeatedly” turned down the government’s proposal for a “mutually beneficial agreement that would have allowed performers to continue working and perform across the continent without the need for work permits”.

But the government’s proposal would not have solved the problem of British musicians having to negotiate individual visa requirements with each member state, according to a spokesperson from the EU.

Having refused to include a chapter on mobility in the Brexit agreement, the UK government rejected the EU’s standard offer of visa-free short stays – working up to 90 days in a 180-day period – and a list of paid activity exemptions that could exclude musicians, artists, sportspeople and journalists from the requirement to seek visas to work in individual member states. This offer was incompatible with the Conservative manifesto commitment to taking back control of Britain’s borders, the government claimed.

Instead, the UK attempted to negotiate the issue via the short-term business visitor category and the category for contractual service suppliers and independent professionals known as Mode 4. The World Trade Organization says Mode 4 “does not concern persons seeking access to the employment market in the host member”.

Neither category covers musicians, said the EU spokesperson. It would also be ineffective: Mode 4 discussions are neutral on the matter of visas, meaning that requirements regarding entry and temporary stay continue to apply. Even if the EU had agreed to the UK’s proposal, British musicians would still be left facing the same red tape.

DCMS said the EU’s statement was misleading. The government claimed that its proposals would have allowed musicians to travel and perform in the UK and the EU without needing work permits, and that the EU’s offer only covered ad-hoc performances and did not address technical staff or the issue of work-permits.

A DCMS spokesperson told the Guardian it stood by Dowden’s earlier comments. “I’m afraid it was the EU letting down music on both sides of the Channel – not us,” Dowden had told NME.

The EU declined the UK’s offer of 30 days’ visa-free work for EU musicians on the grounds that this is the UK’s existing standard policy and offered no added value to its members, and because it offered significantly less than the EU proposal at the mobility negotiation.

Jamie Njoku-Goodwin, chief executive of UK Music, said the industry had “no interest in playing a blame game. We just want to understand what has happened and then take steps to resolve this situation. We need both sides to work with the music industry to find a solution that benefits everyone. It is vital that all sides now get around the table and agree a way forward that avoids needless red tape and bureaucracy that could put some tours in jeopardy.”

Speaking to the liaison committee on Wednesday, prime minister Boris Johnson did not appear to grasp the situation facing British touring acts, incorrectly stating that British musicians have “the right to go play in any EU country for 90 out of 180 days” – the EU proposal that the government turned down.

A petition seeking a Europe-wide, visa-free working permit for music touring professionals, bands, musicians, artists, TV and sports celebrities has reached in excess of 257,600 signatures, with backing from musicians including Dua Lipa, Biffy Clyro and Laura Marling. The lack of a resolution could rule out or severely limit EU touring, according to musicians.

Speaking at Prime Minister’s Questions on Wednesday, Johnson said he would meet with MPs to address their concerns on the matter. “I know that our friends in the EU will be wanting to go further to improve things for not just musicians, but business travellers of all kinds,” he said. “There is a mutual benefit.”

The EU is pledging big investment in a new era of space commercialisation, joining a queue of companies and governments aiming to provide internet service from space.

The idea is to send a constellation of hundreds of internet-beaming satellites into orbit. EU Internal Market Commissioner Thierry Breton this week said he wanted to get going as soon as possible.

“My objective is to go fast,” he told the 13th European Space Conference on Tuesday. “And therefore it would be appropriate that the Commission puts forward this year a proposal to the European Parliament and the Council so we can move concretely.”

Breton said he has commissioned a study to determine the scope of the system, with feedback due by April.

The EU initiative coincides with the booming private sector push into space, promoted by extremely rich backers like Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos and Richard Branson.

“SpaceX changed the market and we need to catch up with them,” Hugo André Costa, a member of the board of the Portuguese Space Agency, told the conference.

The proposed EU internet system is similar to Starlink, a mega constellation of tens of thousands of orbiting transmitters being sent into orbit by Musk’s SpaceX.

A similar constellation is underway at online retailer Amazon, while the UK government has paid £500 million to acquire 45 percent of a satellite operator OneWeb, with the aim of providing blanket internet coverage.

“Mastering the digital flow is key for the future,” said Hervé Derrey, CEO of Thales Alenia Space, the French-Italian aerospace manufacturer.

Derrey, whose company is to provide hardware for the Lunar Gateway, a US-led mission to build a space station around the moon, said Europe is trailing efforts from companies like Microsoft to expand cloud computing into space. Cloud providers have seen a surge in demand since the COVID-19 outbreak, as more businesses use their services to support working from home.

“We have to do better than that,” Derrey said. “We can’t let the GAFA [Google-Apple-Facebook-Amazon] go alone in this race.”

‘Offensive, aggressive push’

To rise to the occasion, the EU’s space spend is being bumped up, with Breton promising “the largest ever EU-level budget for space” of €13.2 billion in the next seven years, to cover a range of satellite launches.

Over the past decades, Brussels has backed big space efforts like GPS-rival satnav Galileo and climate mapping Copernicus, but officials now recognise they have catching up to do in other areas.

There is heightened awareness of the need to create more home grown space infrastructure and avoid reliance on rivals. A new urgency is visible, as the EU tries to catch up with the huge private space sector push in the US, and keep pace with China’s rapid advances, which include the first ever landing on the far side of the Moon in 2019.

Breton, who is a former head of the IT company Atos, called for “a more offensive and aggressive strategy” to ensure Europe remains in the game for launcher technology, and keeps independent access to space.

“The standards for launchers are currently being redefined outside of Europe. We must ask ourselves: will our current approach successfully get us to 2050, considering the disruptions in the sector that we all observe? I strongly doubt it,” Breton said.

He called for a “European Launcher alliance” to set a course for the next generation of technologies to “ensure an autonomous access to space”.

Ignoring the opportunities and threats posed by next-grade space technology is simply not an option, officials and company heads said.

“There is a limit to what we can do with optical fibres [on earth] – we don’t have that limitation in free space, which is the reason why quantum works [so well] there,” Derrey said. “The bad news is that the quantum technologies will increase the level of security risk. This is why we need to raise the bar.”

A giant leap for EU?

In the shadow of the continent’s giant aeronautics companies, there’s a small but growing space industry in Europe, competing to send satellites and other hardware into orbit faster and cheaper than ever before.

A host of young companies are breaking onto the scene, such as Pangea, which is aiming to make reusable rockets; Exotrail, which makes propulsion systems for small satellites; Anywaves, which builds satellite-mounted antennas; and AerospaceLab, which builds satellite platforms.

Advances in technology and computer chips have enabled smaller satellites to perform the same tasks as their predecessors, bringing space into wider reach for companies.

To support space-related start-ups, the EU is pledging €300 million via its first ever investment fund for the sector, the InnovFin space equity pilot. According to Breton, the fund, launched last year, will eventually swell to €1 billion.

The money will target activity in what has been dubbed “new space”, a more commercial push in an industry historically dominated by governments and the military.

While this sector is getting off the ground in Europe, “the big valuations are still American,” said Bogdan Gogulan, CEO of private equity firm Newspace Capital in Luxembourg. Finnish space start-up ICEYE is an exception, with the company raising over €100 million to date, Gogulan said.

Over two-thirds of all space investment in the last 15 years happened in the US, even as it makes up only 40 per cent of the global market. “Europe is significantly underinvested in space,” said Gogulan. It is not enough for space companies to show a record of winning research grants, they need “sticky” funding, meaning a reliable flow of money, he said.

Fears for space collisions

The quickening space race leaves the world more open to large unknowns and risks, officials say.  

“There’s a disaster waiting to happen,” said Ekaterini Kavvada, director of development and innovation at the Commission’s directorate for Defence Industry and Space. She warned of a “drifting island of debris” that’s ready to cause havoc to European space assets. “I’m afraid this is a reality, one that poses a threat for the safety of orbit traffic,” she said.

There are an estimated 5,000 satellites in space, only 2,000 of which are functioning. Kavvada counts over 500 collisions and explosions in recent years.

Any collision could leave the EU’s Galileo or Copernicus satellites “severally compromised”, she said. “Think of the impact on our security, safety and economy.” Growing space clutter could also ruin scientific research by blocking our view of the stars, scientists warn.

The European Space Agency (ESA) is planning a clean-up operation, preparing a small spacecraft with robotic arms to start removing debris by 2025, said Rolf Densing, the agency’s director of operations. He is challenging industry to come up with ideas to make it happen.

“We are ‘hands-off’ as much as we can. This is the way to go about it: to give more responsibility to the private sector,” he said.

As space becomes more accessible to companies, Densing estimates there will be 10,000 satellites in orbit by the end of the decade.

“We are [already] getting hundreds of collision warnings a day. We have to fly a collision avoidance manoeuvre [on agency assets] every two weeks or so,” he said.

He spoke about a Sentinel-1 satellite that was struck two years ago, resulting in a pierced solar array. “It’s one of the few satellites that has a selfie camera, so we were able to take a very nice picture of it,” he said.

‘Shockingly-pink elephant’

Densing has hopes for advanced machine learning and artificial intelligence tools to help manage all the space traffic, but ultimately politicians will have to do something about it, he said. “We need to act. It calls for more regulation. It reminds me of the traffic on a German autobahn. There’s a speed limit but almost everyone drives a bit faster than permitted.”

Only half of all satellites are decommissioned, Densing said.

GMV Aerospace is a Spanish company that runs 24-hour collision avoidance for 10 satellite operators. “This is becoming a bigger issue,” said Jorge Potti, the company’s general manager.

“It’s an elephant in the room that is painted in shocking pink,” said Luca Rossettini, CEO of D-Orbit, an Italian space firm. “Because we cannot stop the growth of satellites.”

LONDON (Reuters) – The City of London may remain largely cut off from the European Union’s financial markets, industry officials warned on Thursday, saying a future co-operation agreement won’t automatically unlock access.

Britain’s new post-Brexit trade deal with the EU does not cover financial services, leaving the City largely isolated from its biggest customer, fragmenting markets and helping New York to pick up business, the officials said.

Britain and the EU are in talks to agree a memorandum of understanding (MoU) by March to set up a forum for cooperation between financial regulators, raising hopes of greater EU access for the City.

“We have to be clear eyed, the MoU has negligible legal effect and depends on goodwill,” Miles Celic, chief executive of TheCityUK told a House of Lords committee.

“It’s a talking shop,” added Nick Collier, managing director of the City of London’s Brussels office.

The EU has granted temporary access only for derivatives clearing and settlement of Irish securities under its equivalence system.

Some 6 billion euros in daily share trading left London for the EU last week, joining 7,500 jobs and over a trillion pounds in assets since Britain voted to leave the bloc in 2016.

Brussels says it wants an MoU to help it find out how far the UK will diverge from EU financial rules before granting more market access. Britain insists that changes to its rules won’t mean a watering down of standards.

In the meantime, activity leaving Britain may not return.

“The longer we don’t have equivalence on the EU side, the more the concrete will set. There would be further costs in shifting business back,” Celic said, adding that New York was already benefiting from new business.

EU market participants have also had to shift derivatives trading from London to platforms in the EU or venues in the United States that already have equivalence.

Collier said he was sceptical the EU would grant trading equivalence given it wants to build up its own capital market.

“The MoU will not deliver equivalence,” he said.

Separately, Michael Thiel, a senior official in the European Commission’s financial services unit, told a webinar that a review of EU securities rules this year aims to make the EU the “main and most efficient place to trade in euro denominated assets”.

Celic said that Britain too needs to spell out a future strategy.

“What is the vision for financial services for the UK outside the EU? There needs to be a clear statement on what we want from financial services,” Celic said.