Europe’s ambitions for a circular economy require the timely provision of good-quality recycled raw materials to manufacturers. However, according to a European Environment Agency (EEA) assessment published today, from the eight most common recyclables, only aluminium, paper and glass have well-functioning secondary markets. Lack of standardisation and competition with new materials are among the challenges for other markets, such as wood and textiles.
The EEA report ’Investigating Europe′s secondary raw material markets’ presents a set of criteria to analyse the functioning of markets for secondary, recycled raw materials. Improving markets for recycled raw materials is key to delivering a circular economy in the EU, reducing the need to extract natural resources and avoiding the associated environmental impacts.
Applying the assessment criteria on eight common secondary material markets, the EEA report concludes that only three of those — aluminium, paper and glass — are functioning well. These markets provide credible and continuous information to market stakeholders, they are international and open, and the recycled materials have a significant market share, compared with primary materials, the EEA report notes.
The five secondary raw material markets that are not functioning well include wood, plastics, biowaste, aggregates from construction and demolition waste, and textiles. According to the EEA analysis, the main problems in these markets are their small size compared with primary materials, weak demand, and lack of common specifications, which reduces the quality of materials for industrial use. In addition, some materials face specific challenges, such as competing demand for energy use in the case of wood.
Besides acknowledging the need for more information to enable a proper monitoring and assessment of the markets’ development, the EEA report presents several options to overcome market barriers for recycled raw materials. These include incentives to design products that are easier to recycle, strengthening recycling targets, increasing recycled content in new products, establishing technical standards for recycled materials and using taxes to level price competition with primary raw materials.
On Tuesday, MEPs backed plans to secure the EU supply of chips by boosting production and innovation, and setting up emergency measures against shortages.
The Industry and Energy Committee adopted two draft bills: one on the “Chips Act” that aims to bolster technological capacity and innovation in the EU Chips ecosystem and a second one on the Chips Joint Undertaking to increase investments for developing this type of European ecosystem.
In their amendments to the Chips Act, MEPs focussed more on next-generation semiconductor and quantum chips. A network of competence centres would be created to address the skills shortage and attract new talent on research, design and production. The legislation would also support projects aiming to boost the EU’s security of supply by attracting investment and building up production capacity.
Measures to respond to future shortages
A crisis response mechanism would be set up, with the Commission assessing the risks to the EU supply of semiconductors and early warning indicators in member states that could trigger an EU-wide alert. This would allow the Commission to implement emergency measures such as prioritising the supply for products particularly affected, or carry out common purchasing for member states. MEPs stress that the chips supply chain should be mapped out to identify possible bottlenecks.
MEPs also highlight the importance of international cooperation with partners such as the US, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. The Commission should establish a chips diplomacy initiative to address any future disruption to supply chains.
The legislative report on the Chips Act was adopted with 67 votes in favour to one against, with four abstentions. The committee also voted on the mandate to enter into inter-institutional negotiations with 70 votes to one against, with one abstention.
“Chips for Europe” initiative
In a separate vote, MEPs adopted with 68 votes in favour, none against and four abstentions, the Chips Joint Undertaking proposal, implementing the measures foreseen under a “Chips for Europe” initiative. The scheme aims to support large-scale capacity building through investment into EU-wide and openly accessible research, development and innovation infrastructure. It would also enable the development of cutting-edge and next-generation semiconductor technologies. MEPs highlight that to boost innovation, fresh money will be needed, as well as a reallocation of funds from Horizon Europe.
Quotes
Rapporteur on the Chips Act Dan Nica (S&D, RO) said: “We want the EU Chips Act to establish Europe as an important player in the global semiconductors arena. Not only does the budget need to be commensurate with the challenges and funded through fresh money, but we want to ensure that the EU is leading in research and innovation, that it has a business-friendly environment, a fast permitting process and invests in a skilled work force for the semiconductor sector. Our goal is to ensure growth in Europe, prepare for future challenges and have in place the right mechanisms for future crises”.
Rapporteur on the Chips Joint Undertaking Eva Maydell (EPP, BG) said: “Microchips are integral to the EU’s digital and green transitions as well as our geopolitical agenda. We are calling for fresh funding that reflects the strategic importance of Europe’s Chips sector. Europe’s partners and competitors are also investing heavily in their semiconductor facilities, skills and innovation. We may not have the enormous financial firepower of the US, but the budget offered by the Commission and Council needs to reflect the seriousness of the challenge”.
Next steps
On the Chips Act, the mandate for negotiations will be announced at the opening of the 13-16 February plenary session in Strasbourg. If there is no request to put the decision to enter into negotiations to the plenary vote, Parliament will be able to start talks with the Council. Parliament will hold a vote on the Chips Joint undertaking proposal during the same session.
Background
A Study from the Parliament highlights that the share of Europe in global production capacity of semiconductors is below 10%. The legislative proposal aims to bring it up to 20%.
Parliament analysis in 2022 highlighted that the pandemic has revealed long-standing vulnerabilities in global supply chains, and the unprecedented shortage of semiconductors is a prime example. It shows what might be in store in the years to come. These shortages have led, among other issues, to rising costs for industry and higher prices for consumers, and have been slowing down the pace of recovery in Europe.
King Felipe and Queen Letizia attended the funeral of King Constantine of Greece at the Cathedral of the Annunciation of Saint Mary in Athens, where they were accompanied by His Majesty King Juan Carlos, who travelled from Abu Dhabi; Her Majesty Queen Sofia, who has been in Greece since the deterioration of her brother Constantine’s health; and the Infantas Elena and Cristina. The funeral, which was officiated by the Archbishop of Athens, Hieronymus of Thebes, was attended by the Deputy Prime Minister, Panagiotis Pikrammenos, representing the Hellenic Government. Representatives of numerous Royal Houses were also present, due to his family ties, friendship and his status as a former Head of State.
After the funeral, at which His Royal Highness Prince Paul of Greece said a few words, the King and Queen and the Greek Royal Family moved to the Royal Cemetery of Tatoi Palace, where the burial ceremony of His Majesty King Constantine of Greece took place.
His Majesty King Constantine of Greece passed away on 10 January at the age of 82 in Athens.
The German discovered his passion for fragrances at the age of 22. Now his collection is one of the most sought-after fragrance collections in Europe.
HATE ME LOVE ME® was Europe’s best-selling vegan fragrance collection last year. Now also available in the USA.
The bestselling gourmand fragrance from 2022 – Suicide Blonde Eau de Parfum from HATE ME LOVE ME®
Just in time for Valentine’s Day, new European fragrances are available in the USA: They are already best-selling fragrances in Europe and are highly addictive.
I am grateful that we already have so many incredible HATE ME LOVE ME® customers in America. They understand our empowering statement of fragrances and wear them on their skin. I love that!” — Mike Arens, perfumer at HATE ME LOVE ME®
PARIS, FRANCE, January 25, 2023 /EINPresswire.com/ — Vienna- January 24th, 2023 – The European fragrance label HATE ME LOVE ME® from Vienna is one of the most exciting discoveries in the perfume world. This is due to the surprising Eau de Parfum creations of perfumer Mike Arens, which lead to unexpected emotions. The fragrances are seductive and create a new world of scents that excite the senses and express the most profound feelings—a scented universe of beauty, sophistication, and sex appeal. Apparent contradictions merge into captivating Eau de Parfum creations because the world only becomes exciting through its extremes: Fascinating as day and night. Contrasting like yin and yang. Sinful like Adam and Eve.Hate Me Love Me® Rebels With Surprising Compositions “Scents and perfumes have fascinated me since I was a child, but I also get bored very easily, so I like to combine notes like pepper, honey, ISO-E Super, and florals, which develop over time quite than you would expect,” says Mike Arens, perfumer & co-founder of HATE ME LOVE ME®.
Finally, selling in the US
“We are thrilled to announce that our luxurious European perfumes are now available in the United States through our online shop. Indulge in our premium fragrance’s rich scents and elegant Viennese designs, crafted with the highest quality ingredients from across Europe. Shop now and experience the seduction and sophistication of our perfumes on your skin”, says Mike Arens.
Vegan by Persuasion
“Our customers are paying more and more attention to ingredients, and not only that – they are questioning the entire brand much more. In addition to wanting sustainable, resource-saving packaging, many demand transparency and specifically ask for fragrances free of toxins and animal ingredients. It is no longer enough for the perfume to smell good; it must also be environmentally friendly and socially responsible. As a young perfume start-up, we integrate these needs and can tell more about our fragrances and their origins through the targeted use of influencers,” says Lukas Ebster, Co-Founder of HATE ME LOVE ME®.
Gourmand Women’s Fragrances, Particularly in Demand
“Sweet fragrances are more important to us now than ever because they can dispel anxiety even in crises. That’s because cotton candy scents wrap us in a protective cocoon where we revel in carefree childhood memories. Men are also incredibly attracted to a woman wearing a pleasant gourmand perfume. Cultural imprinting plays a major role here. Germans and Austrians love the smell of vanilla cookies on their skin, while American men tend to go weak at the smell of cinnamon buns and apple pie. The motto is: “When you smell like dessert, men won’t forget you,” says Mike Arens.
The 27 EU Member States are not entitled to derogate from the EU ban on neonicotinoid seeds, the European Court of Justice ruled on 19 January. This applies even in exceptional circumstances.
The ruling follows an application to the Belgian Council of State to annul Belgium’s derogation for the use of bee-toxic insecticides on sugar beet crops. The application was filed by the activist groups Pesticide Action Network Europe, (PAN Europe), the association Nature & Progrès Belgium, which raises awareness and informs the general public about environmental and societal issues, and a Belgian beekeeper.
The CJEU ruling reshuffles the deck and gives new hope to environmental organisations, as the institution recalled that the ban was adopted “because of the high acute and chronic risks to bees from seeds treated with plant protection products containing these neonicotinoids”. Since 2021, despite protests from associations against successive authorisations, neither the government nor the courts have followed them.
Neonicotinoids have been banned since the end of 2018 in the European Union because of their danger to biodiversity and human health. Eleven countries continue to grant “emergency authorisations” to stakeholders in the sugar beet sector, who are struggling to find alternatives. According to a recent PAN Europe report, EU Member States have granted more than 236 derogations for banned pesticides in the last four years, with neonicotinoids accounting for almost half (47.5%).
Anti-pesticide groups have argued that neonicotinoids are increasingly used preventively by ‘seed coating’ instead of being sprayed on the crop. This means that they are applied directly to the seed before the plant is even infested with pests.
Not surprisingly, today’s ruling puts an end to almost half of the derogations granted by Member States to banned pesticides.
The French government was planning to grant a derogation for the third consecutive year, in 2023, to sugar beet growers using these substances. It will have to abandon this project, now considered illegal by the EU.
Experts suggest that DNA found in sedimentary deposits likely originated from long-deceased animals.
The mystery surrounding the exact timing of the extinction of mammoths has long captivated paleontologists, as the decline of these giant ice age creatures seemed to coincide with the arrival of humans in North and South America.
This has led many to question if human activity played a role in the extinction of mammoths over 10,000 years ago.
A University of Cincinnati paleontologist refutes the latest timeline published in 2021 in the journal Nature that suggested mammoths met their end much more recently than we believed. An international team of researchers examined the environmental DNA of mammoth remains and more than 1,500 arctic plants to conclude that a wetter climate quickly changed the landscape from tundra grassland steppe to forested wetlands that could not support many of these big grazing animals, driving mammoths to extinction as recently as 3,900 years ago.
But in a rebuttal paper in Nature, UC College of Arts and Sciences assistant professor Joshua Miller and co-author Carl Simpson at the University of Colorado Boulder argue that the environmental DNA used to establish their updated timeline is more complex than previously recognized.
University of Cincinnati paleontologist Joshua Miller poses with a bronze statue of a mammoth outside the Geier Collections and Research Center of the Cincinnati Museum Center. Credit: Andrew Higley/UC
“The issue is you have no idea how old that DNA is,” Miller said. “Sedimentary deposits are complex. Materials of different ages are routinely buried together.”
Researchers have many tools to date sedimentary deposits and the materials contained in them. But not everything can be dated, Miller said.
“We can radiocarbon date all kinds of things: bones, teeth, charcoal, leaves. That’s very powerful. But currently, we can’t independently date DNA found in sediments,” Miller said.
From recent discoveries like the baby mammoth found in Canada this year, we know that many ice-age animals that died tens of thousands of years ago can become mummified in the arctic’s dry, cold environment. Miller said researchers can’t tell whether environmental DNA preserved in sediment was shed from a living or dead animal.
University of Cincinnati assistant professor Joshua Miller examines a mammoth skull at the Cincinnati Museum Center’s Geier Collections and Research Center. Credit: Andrew Higley/UC
“DNA is shed from organisms all the time,” Miller said. “In fact, DNA continues to be shed long after the animal dies. In places where decomposition is slow, that means long-dead and even long-extinct species can continue to make their way into surrounding sediments. In the arctic and other cold-weather places, it can take thousands of years for something to decompose.”
The researchers say the slow decomposition of animals in arctic regions could explain how mammoth DNA is showing up thousands of years later than the most recent mammoth fossil discovered. The paper notes that the mummified remains of elephant seals near Antarctica can be more than 5,000 years old.
Simpson said his work studying marine environments from recently eroded hillsides demonstrates how difficult it is to date ancient specimens.
“Seashells can sit on the seafloor for thousands of years. When you see shells on the beach, some could be from animals that died recently while others might be from shellfish that died millennia ago,” Simpson said. “This happens in the vertebrate record as well.”
Miller said the question remains what impact, if any, humans had on the global decline and extinction of mammoths. Humans were known to use fire to alter landscapes in profound ways, Miller said. They also hunted mammoths and made use of their ivory tusks.
So when did the last mammoths die off? Scientists say most mammoths went extinct more than 10,000 years ago, but remnant populations lived on islands such as Russia’s Wrangel Island until much more recently.
This cohabitation with modern humans is one reason mammoths capture our imaginations, researchers said.
“They’re tantalizingly similar to animals that live among us today,” Miller said. “We can almost touch them. That makes mammoths really alluring. For many people, they are the poster children of ice age megafauna.”
Simpson noted that mammoths once lived on the Channel Islands of California near where he grew up. The islands were home to a pygmy mammoth weighing 2,000 pounds. Today, the biggest mammal on the island is a tiny endemic fox.
“I think about how amazing it would have been to grow up with all of those big animals walking around,” Simpson said. “But I just missed them.”
Reference: “When did mammoths go extinct?” by Joshua H. Miller and Carl Simpson, 30 November 2022, Nature. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05416-3
Amid a rise in plastic waste, more must be done across Europe to tackle the root causes of marine litter at its source to prevent the waste from polluting in-land rivers and making its way to our coastlines and seas, according to a European Environment Agency (EEA) web report published today.
The report offers ten recommendations to boost knowledge to complement already stepped-up action by the European Union through the EU’s Zero Pollution action plan, the Circular Economy action plan (including the Plastics Strategy), the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and Single-Use Plastic Directive.
Despite these measures, data shows that plastic waste generation is growing faster than economic growth. Continuous increase in plastic waste generation is still exerting too much pressure on European coasts and seas. And that the European Union is currently not on track to meet its policy goals of significantly reducing waste in its shift to a circular economy, which aims to massively reduce the amount of plastics and packaging that are currently thrown out.
Between 2011 and 2020, plastic waste generated in the EU’s 27 Member States per person increased by 22%, as did the amount of mismanaged plastic waste. Most used and discarded plastic items are either recycled, incinerated, or stored in waste facilities, but due to limits in waste management capacity, a portion still makes its way into our seas and oceans, making it the primary source of marine litter. This uncollected waste is taken to our coasts via Europe’s many rivers. The outcome is that 75% of assessed marine areas are polluted. This is a huge problem because of plastic’s impact on marine life and on human health via the food chain. In some cases, the persistent nature of plastic means that it can last up to 500 years in the environment.
What we need to know to act
To achieve Europe’s green goals, and specifically, waste prevention, reduction and management goals, a full understanding of marine litter is needed — from source to sea. We also need to decouple waste generation from economic growth. Efforts in Europe to improve waste collection and management have made some headway in reducing the share of mismanaged small non-packaging plastic items (PPSI) waste. To find solutions, EU legislation is moving to a more integrated approach based on monitoring which could be supported by improved data gathering and analysis on land and rivers. Most marine litter is generated on land, and the reliability of waste management data are limited and plastic litter transported via rivers remains understudied.
The recommendations focus on better use of existing and emerging data sources to better monitor problem areas, which can help develop targeted measures.
Old-fashioned clean-ups and physical monitoring by volunteer citizen scientists are also invaluable. Technology also plays an increasingly important role. Remote sensing via satellites, planes, drones and artificial intelligence can help make sense of the ‘big data’ collected.
Waste leakage and river litter estimation models are just as important as fine-grained data collection and monitoring activities. The use of these tools are needed to drive political decision-making in countries and communities facing the biggest waste mismanagement problems.
Amid a rise in plastic waste, more must be done across Europe to tackle the root causes of marine litter at its source to prevent the waste from polluting in-land rivers and making its way to our coastlines and seas, according to a European Environment Agency (EEA) web report published today.
The report offers ten recommendations to boost knowledge to complement already stepped-up action by the European Union through the EU’s Zero Pollution action plan, the Circular Economy action plan (including the Plastics Strategy), the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and Single-Use Plastic Directive.
Despite these measures, data shows that plastic waste generation is growing faster than economic growth. Continuous increase in plastic waste generation is still exerting too much pressure on European coasts and seas. And that the European Union is currently not on track to meet its policy goals of significantly reducing waste in its shift to a circular economy, which aims to massively reduce the amount of plastics and packaging that are currently thrown out.
Between 2011 and 2020, plastic waste generated in the EU’s 27 Member States per person increased by 22%, as did the amount of mismanaged plastic waste. Most used and discarded plastic items are either recycled, incinerated, or stored in waste facilities, but due to limits in waste management capacity, a portion still makes its way into our seas and oceans, making it the primary source of marine litter. This uncollected waste is taken to our coasts via Europe’s many rivers. The outcome is that 75% of assessed marine areas are polluted. This is a huge problem because of plastic’s impact on marine life and on human health via the food chain. In some cases, the persistent nature of plastic means that it can last up to 500 years in the environment.
What we need to know to act
To achieve Europe’s green goals, and specifically, waste prevention, reduction and management goals, a full understanding of marine litter is needed — from source to sea. We also need to decouple waste generation from economic growth. Efforts in Europe to improve waste collection and management have made some headway in reducing the share of mismanaged small non-packaging plastic items (PPSI) waste. To find solutions, EU legislation is moving to a more integrated approach based on monitoring which could be supported by improved data gathering and analysis on land and rivers. Most marine litter is generated on land, and the reliability of waste management data are limited and plastic litter transported via rivers remains understudied.
The recommendations focus on better use of existing and emerging data sources to better monitor problem areas, which can help develop targeted measures.
Old-fashioned clean-ups and physical monitoring by volunteer citizen scientists are also invaluable. Technology also plays an increasingly important role. Remote sensing via satellites, planes, drones and artificial intelligence can help make sense of the ‘big data’ collected.
Waste leakage and river litter estimation models are just as important as fine-grained data collection and monitoring activities. The use of these tools are needed to drive political decision-making in countries and communities facing the biggest waste mismanagement problems.
European soils are under increasing pressure due to soil sealing, pollution, intensive agriculture and climate change. At the same time, there are management options to improve soil functions and health, including to sequester carbon, increase biodiversity and prevent erosion.
The EEA’s ‘Soil monitoring report’ presents a comprehensive set of common indicators to assess soil health as well as risk-based thresholds to inform protection and restoration needs and soil-related policies in Europe.
The selected indicators address soil organic carbon, nutrients, acidification, pollution, biodiversity, erosion, compaction and sealing. For each indicator, the EEA report identifies thresholds beyond which soil functioning, for example for water purification or food production, is negatively affected. These thresholds can be regarded as critical tipping points for soil health and action points to safeguard soils.
The EEA assessment supports the EU soil strategy for 2030, which is an integral element of the European Green Deal with the overall aim of ensuring healthy soil ecosystems and sustainable use of EU soils.
Gerry Armstrong, Alexander Dvorkin (FECRIS Vice-President), Thomas Gandow and Luigi Corvaglia (member of the Board) during a FECRIS conference in Salekhard, Sibéria, 29 September 2017. In the Center, Mgr Nikolai Chashin.
The international conference “The Mission and the Orthodox Church” ended in Volos, bringing together Orthodox theologians from all over the world who discussed theological and current problems of church life in dozens of sections. One of the topics generating the most interest was “War and Peace”, with its focus on the “Russian world” doctrine, which is currently the main ideology of Russia’s war against Ukraine. Already at the beginning of the Russian invasion of the neighboring country, the Academy of Theological Studies in Volos formulated several theses about the nature of this ideology, which became extremely popular in Orthodox circles (see here and here). In this theological text, the “Russian world” is defined as a heresy based on ethnophiletism. The discussion on the issue of whether it is also the doctrine of the Russian world or is it a political ideology has been going on for several months. At the graduate theological forum in Volos, the report of Archimandrite Cyril (Govorun), whose point of view can be summarized in the following few points. Specifically, he claims:
“1. If by heresy we mean the Trinitarian or Christological heresies discussed between the fourth and seventh centuries, then the “Russian world” could not qualify as a heresy. However, if we go back to the time of St. Irenaeus of Lyons, when Christianity was confronted by the hostile pagan Greco-Roman world, we can draw some parallels with the teaching of the “Russian world.”
In my opinion, both worlds are dualistic and based on coercion and a mixture of religion and politics. These features are embodied in the religious currents that the martyr Irenaeus and his companions defined as heresies. I think that the doctrine of the “Russian world” can be approached in the same spirit.
It is dualistic because, like the ancient dualistic Manichaeism or Montanism, it sees the world as ontologically polarized—between the “Godless West” and “Holy Russia.” It is based on coercion that has reached unprecedented bloody proportions. Finally, we witness the politicization of religion in Russia to a degree comparable to the period from Augustus to Diocletian. It may well be called a political religion, as the pagan imperial religion was in the age before Constantine.
St. Irenaeus and his associates saw heresies as forms of pagan thought disguised as Christianity. I would interpret the “Russian world” in a similar way.
2. Almost all local Orthodox churches are subjected to ethnophiletism – each to its own degree. It would be unfair to accuse only the Russian Orthodox Church of ethnophiletism. At the same time, the Russian Orthodox Church demonstrated an unprecedented degree of ethnophiletism. Even the Balkan wars at the beginning of the 20th century are less ethnophiletic because they are less cruel and bloody than the Russian war in Ukraine.
I think it is more correct to call the “Russian world” not ethnophyletic, but phyletic doctrine. The “Russian world” claims to be above ethnic boundaries. Essentially, he states that the Russian-speaking ethnicities (ἔθνη) in Eastern Europe and even in Central Asia constitute one “people” – a word that can be translated by the Greek race. Therefore, the Russian world can and should be accused not so much of ethnophyleticism as of violent phyleticism, the emphasis being on “violent.”
3. The Council of Crete of 2016 called Philetism a “church heresy”. I find this adjective promising in the interpretation of the “Russian world” doctrine. The “Russian world” has its own ecclesiology, and it is twisted. It is in such ecclesiology that the ROC found justification not to go to the island of Crete in 2016, later to unilaterally sever relations with other churches, as well as to deploy non-canonical activities in Africa. The way in which the Russian Orthodox Church and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate treat the Orthodox Church of Ukraine is another proof of a distorted church consciousness. It has come to the point that the ROC and the UOC-MP are ready to rechristen the members of the OCU, which, it must be reminded, is in full communion with at least some of the local Orthodox churches, including the Ecumenical Patriarchate.
The distorted ecclesiology, which is the basis of the ideology of the Russian world, is characterized by a number of reductionisms. The universal church, if viewed through the prism of the “Russian world”, is practically reduced to one local church – the Moscow Patriarchate. In this case, the statement “I believe in one, holy, conciliar and apostolic church of the Moscow Patriarchate” is not anecdotal, but quite convincing. It is these distorted ecclesiological views that are the cause of the fear that prevents many members of the UOC from joining the OCU.
4. Finally, let me use the distinction I made in my earlier ecclesiological studies. In the case of the Russian Church, we are dealing with an extreme case of replacing the nature of the Church with its administrative structures. As a result, the Russian Church turned out to be silent about the war in Ukraine. Or rather, only her administration is allowed to speak about the war, and these are words of unequivocal support. The voice of the entire church has been reduced to the pro-war pronouncements of its administrative apparatus.
5. As a conclusion: all heresies are primarily a reductionism of Orthodoxy. The “Russian world” has created an ecclesiology that is such reductionism. It is therefore quite similar to an ecclesiastical heresy.’
Illustrative photo: Saint Louis King of France and a page (El Greco)
