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Security of Smart Grids with Interacting Digital Systems

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Security of Smart Grids with Interacting Digital Systems


New methods to analyze cyber security risk in cyber-physical electric power systems.

The increased electrification of society and the need to manage new resources (such as renewable energy sources and flexible resources) and new loads (such as electric vehicles) is changing the electric power system.

A digital system, printed-circuit board – illustrative photo. Image credit: Bermix Studio via Unsplash, free license

The extent of sensors, communication, and automation is increasing, and monitoring and control of the electric power grid is becoming more active and digitalised. The result is a cyber-physical electric power system where the operation of the physical power system increasingly depends on data transmitted through digital networks.

This development increases the number of potential entry points for an attacker and makes the systems more difficult to protect. Also, society is more dependent on electric power than ever before, and the consequences of a successful cyber-attack on interacting digital systems may become catastrophic.

Therefore, we need appropriate methods to assess and reduce cyber security risks in cyber-physical electric power systems. In the InterSecure project, SINTEF Energi, SINTEF Digital, NTNU and Proactima have developed such methods in collaboration with Norwegian grid companies and authorities.

What is a cyber-physical electric power system?

We understand a cyber-physical system as a system of physical components controlled via digital networks.

Commonly, cyber-physical electric power grids are called smart grids. This name emphasises the enhanced possibilities for intelligence, i.e., control, monitoring, and automation, brought to electric grids when they are increasingly connected to digital networks.

What worries the grid operators today?

The emerging smart grid, with its increasing interconnection and exchange of data, increase the number of actors and stakeholders in the operation of power systems. This can potentially cause several new or changed threats and vulnerabilities.

Discussions in the project have revealed some key sources of threats and vulnerabilities that the grid operators worry about today, and that are expected to become even more relevant in the future:

  • Extended digital networks that increase the number of possible entry points for cyber attackers,
  • new technology, components and systems that are rapidly introduced,
  • new connections between administrative IT systems and control systems that increase data flow across systems,
  • increased system complexity,
  • more interfaces between interdependent applications or systems, and
  • dependence on digital services from external suppliers.

The grid companies must be able to understand and handle new risks due to these system developments.

What kind of methods do the grid operators need to address their concerns?

The grid operators in the project secure their systems and manage risks according to current regulations. The main relevant regulations are Energiloven, Kraftberedskapsforskriften and Sikkerhetsloven.

Furthermore, the grid operators collect and use updated threat information from organisations providing notification services, such as KraftCERT, PST (Norwegian Police Security Service) and NSM (Norwegian National Security Authority).

Although the power supply is reliable today, and current regulations and risk management practices are well established, the grid operators are not well equipped to handle the new sources of threats and vulnerabilities described in the previous section.

Traditional power system risk management is not focused on capturing the intentional nature of cyber security incidents, the widespread entry points due to the far-reaching nature of digital networks, nor the vulnerabilities to cyber attackers exploiting these entry points.

Also, cyber security risk and traditional risk analysis are carried out separately. This approach is not optimal, as it does not enable the assessment of potential vulnerabilities due to system interconnections, interdependencies and complexity.

In the following, risk assessment methods developed in the InterSecure project are briefly described.

Framework for risk assessment of cyber-physical electric power systems

The framework is based on the ISO 31000 and NS 5814 standards. It emphasises not only the physical system but the entire system of systems that is included in the operation of smart grids.

In fact, as smart grids develop and the system becomes more complex, it will be fruitless trying to understand the entire system and how all the elements relate and interact. The sheer size and complexity of the system will make this impossible.

Therefore, the risk management of the system needs to be addressed at a more high-level perspective, before focusing in on different sections or areas of the system.

As part of the InterSecure project, a risk management framework has been proposed that enables a more iterative approach to manage the risk of complex socio-technical systems, such as smart grids.

The framework follows a “plan, do, check, act” structure that is common in risk management frameworks. It consists of three main phases: plan, assess and manage as well as three continuous phases of communication and consultation, recording and reporting, and monitoring and review.

Figure 1 Proposed risk management framework for interacting digital systems in smart grids

Figure 1 Proposed risk management framework for interacting digital systems in smart grids

The overall structure of the risk management framework is that of an iterative process. It includes considering the complexity within the system, and rather than trying to understand and model the entire system, it instead takes an incremental, top-down approach.

This allows the system to first be addressed from a high-level perspective and then become more familiar with the different areas and risks of the system, finding the right level to manage the different risks.

Threat modelling

Threat modelling for interacting digital systems is the exercise of analysing how a software or a system can be attacked with the aim of protecting against such attacks. While several methods exist, one of the more well-known methods is STRIDE (Spoofing, Tempering, Repudiation, Information disclosure, Denial of service, Elevation of privilege).

STRIDE starts by creating a model of the system to visualise how and what type of data is being transmitted between the different parts of the system. As an example, a part of the model used in InterSecure is shown in Figure 2. Based on this model, threats (i.e., potential attacks) are identified for the different parts of the system.

To aid the STRIDE threat modelling process, Microsoft has developed the Microsoft Threat Modeling tool. This tool provides a graphical user interface to build the model of the system and a structured way of identifying and evaluating threats.

The tool is originally aligned towards threat modelling of software, but as the tool allows users to create their own template, we have adapted the tool to identify threats against the smart grid. Here you can find the template developed.

Figure 2: Model used in STRIDE threat modeling

Figure 2: Model used in STRIDE threat modeling

In this project, we performed threat modelling of a digital secondary substation to test and demonstrate the use of the tool in a smart grid context.

Guided by the threat categories making up the STRIDE mnemonic, threats towards the substation from each of the categories were identified. Information disclosure and denial of service threats were identified as the most critical mainly due to the simplicity of performing such attacks.

The reason is that such threats were evaluated to potentially have relatively serious consequences without requiring specific knowledge or specialised tools to execute.

Communication impact simulations

Figure 3 Impact simulation model in Mininet network emulator

Figure 3 Impact simulation model in Mininet network emulator

We have developed two simulation models to verify the most critical threats (sniffing and availability attacks) identified by threat modelling. Both models have a topology comprising two digital secondary substations and a control centre.

The first model was created within the Mininet network emulator and selected as the primary model due to its easy usability and transportability, as the entire model is composed from a single virtual machine. The schema of the first model is shown in Figure 3.

The second model was created using separate virtual machines for each component (RTUs, gateways, routers and the monitoring device).

This model was used only for performance testing during Denial-of-Service attacks as its results were more closely corresponding to reality when compared to the Mininet model.

Performance evaluation of the model was done and described in the article “Threat Modeling of a Smart Grid Secondary Substation“. This model was not further considered due to its complexity and lack of easy export. The model schema is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Impact simulation model using virtual machines

Figure 4 Impact simulation model using virtual machines

Both impact simulation models used emulated IEC 104 communication corresponding to data from The National Smart Grid Lab in Trondheim.

The results gained from the simulation models testing can be used by grid operators to improve grid security, for example, by tuning security devices such as firewalls. The first model was provided to all members of the InterSecure project and was also demonstrated.

In this demonstration, all the participants could install the model on their devices and learn the basic control of the model in a provided scenario. A demonstration is also available on Youtube.

Assessment of vulnerabilities and failure consequences

Smart grids are complicated systems, so no single model or framework can uncover all vulnerabilities. Hence, there is a need for a selection of models and frameworks to help the grid operators viewing the problem at hand from different angles.

To complement the other methods in the InterSecure project, an approach for assessing vulnerabilities and failure consequences for cyber-physical power grids based on the bow-tie model has been developed.

The approach is illustrated in Figure 5. The first part of the analysis is to perform a bow-tie analysis for a selected scenario for a specific critical asset, i.e., an asset that can directly impact the distribution of electricity.

Next, assumptions on the operation state of the power system are made, and the coping capacity and consequences at the system level are assessed.

Figure 5 A bow-tie model with the critical asset event at the center. The left side illustrates the four zones in the Purdue model. On the right side, the zone closest to the center is related to the event tree from the asset perspective, while the rest of the right side is related to the power system consequence assessment. The vertical orange bars represent barriers.

Figure 5 A bow-tie model with the critical asset event at the center. The left side illustrates the four zones in the Purdue model. On the right side, the zone closest to the center is related to the event tree from the asset perspective, while the rest of the right side is related to the power system consequence assessment. The vertical orange bars represent barriers. Adapted from Sperstad et al., 2020.

The proposed approach has been tested on a case related to conditional connection agreements at a Norwegian DSO. Advantages of the proposed approach are that the bow-tie model is well-known in the industry.

Thus, little time was needed to explain the method to the participants. The bow-tie model was found to be flexible enough to incorporate both traditional threats, such as technical failures and cyber threats from malicious actors, in the same diagram.

Further, the approach aided in building a common understanding among participants from the different departments of the grid operator by visualising threats, vulnerabilities, barriers, and consequences in the same diagram.

The bow-tie analyses are, however, time-consuming to perform. Considerable time is also needed to process the results before they can be used further in the risk management process.

Another consequence of the flexibility of the bow-tie method is that successful use is dependent on the ability of the facilitator to guide the discussion in the group so that relevant threats and vulnerabilities are discussed.

Because of this, there is a need for a structured overall approach to ensure that this type of analysis is used on the relevant assets and threats.

To summarize the methods tested in InterSecure are applicable in different situations where different levels of detail is needed. The suggested framework can be used at a high level.

While threat model can be used to identify information flows and threats and further “sort” out the most important threats for more detailed analysis and follow-up.

The simulation model is useful for detailed testing of concrete attacks with realistic communication- and network topology, while the assessment of vulnerabilities is useful for in depth analysis of both physical and cyber threats, vulnerabilities and barriers. The DSO should test the methods and plan which method to use when.

Source: Sintef



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Webb Reveals New Structures Within Iconic Supernova

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Webb Reveals New Structures Within Iconic Supernova


NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has begun the study of one of the most renowned supernovae, SN 1987A (Supernova 1987A).

Located 168,000 light-years away in the Large Magellanic Cloud, SN 1987A has been a target of intense observations at wavelengths ranging from gamma rays to radio for nearly 40 years, since its discovery in February of 1987.

Recent observations by Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) provide a crucial clue to our understanding of how a supernova develops to shape its remnant.

Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) captured this detailed image of SN 1987A (Supernova 1987A). At the center, material ejected from the supernova forms a keyhole shape. Just to its left and right are faint crescents newly discovered by Webb. Beyond them an equatorial ring, formed from material ejected tens of thousands of years before the supernova explosion, contains bright hot spots. Exterior to that is diffuse emission and two faint outer rings. In this image blue represents light at 1.5 microns (F150W), cyan 1.64 and 2.0 microns (F164N, F200W), yellow 3.23 microns (F323N), orange 4.05 microns (F405N), and red 4.44 microns (F444W). Image Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, M. Matsuura (Cardiff University), R. Arendt (NASA’s Goddard Spaceflight Center & University of Maryland, Baltimore County), C. Fransson

This image reveals a central structure like a keyhole. This center is packed with clumpy gas and dust ejected by the supernova explosion. The dust is so dense that even near-infrared light that Webb detects can’t penetrate it, shaping the dark “hole” in the keyhole.

A bright, equatorial ring surrounds the inner keyhole, forming a band around the waist that connects two faint arms of hourglass-shaped outer rings. The equatorial ring, formed from material ejected tens of thousands of years before the supernova explosion, contains bright hot spots, which appeared as the supernova’s shock wave hit the ring.

Now spots are found even exterior to the ring, with diffuse emission surrounding it. These are the locations of supernova shocks hitting more exterior material.

While these structures have been observed to varying degrees by NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes and Chandra X-ray Observatory, the unparalleled sensitivity and spatial resolution of Webb revealed a new feature in this supernova remnant – small crescent-like structures.

These crescents are thought to be a part of the outer layers of gas shot out from the supernova explosion. Their brightness may be an indication of limb brightening, an optical phenomenon that results from viewing the expanding material in three dimensions.

In other words, our viewing angle makes it appear that there is more material in these two crescents than there actually may be.

The high resolution of these images is also noteworthy. Before Webb, the now-retired Spitzer telescope observed this supernova in infrared throughout its entire lifespan, yielding key data about how its emissions evolved over time. However, it was never able to observe the supernova with such clarity and detail.

Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) captured this detailed image of SN 1987A (Supernova 1987A), which has been annotated to highlight key structures. At the center, material ejected from the supernova forms a keyhole shape. Just to its left and right are faint crescents newly discovered by Webb. Beyond them an equatorial ring, formed from material ejected tens of thousands of years before the supernova explosion, contains bright hot spots. Exterior to that is diffuse emission and two faint outer rings. In this image blue represents light at 1.5 microns (F150W), cyan 1.64 and 2.0 microns (F164N, F200W), yellow 3.23 microns (F323N), orange 4.05 microns (F405N), and red 4.44 microns (F444W).

Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) captured this detailed image of SN 1987A (Supernova 1987A), which has been annotated to highlight key structures. At the center, material ejected from the supernova forms a keyhole shape. Just to its left and right are faint crescents newly discovered by Webb. Beyond them an equatorial ring, formed from material ejected tens of thousands of years before the supernova explosion, contains bright hot spots. Exterior to that is diffuse emission and two faint outer rings. In this image blue represents light at 1.5 microns (F150W), cyan 1.64 and 2.0 microns (F164N, F200W), yellow 3.23 microns (F323N), orange 4.05 microns (F405N), and red 4.44 microns (F444W). Image credits: NASA, ESA, CSA, M. Matsuura (Cardiff University), R. Arendt (NASA’s Goddard Spaceflight Center & University of Maryland, Baltimore County), C. Fransson (Stockholm University), and J. Larsson (KTH Royal Institute of Technology). Image credit: A. Pagan

Despite the decades of study since the supernova’s initial discovery, there are several mysteries that remain, particularly surrounding the neutron star that should have been formed in the aftermath of the supernova explosion.

Like Spitzer, Webb will continue to observe the supernova over time. Its NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph) and MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) instruments will offer astronomers the ability to capture new, high-fidelity infrared data over time and gain new insights into the newly identified crescent structures.

Further, Webb will continue to collaborate with Hubble, Chandra, and other observatories to provide new insights into the past and future of this legendary supernova.

The James Webb Space Telescope is the world’s premier space science observatory. Webb is solving mysteries in our solar system, looking beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probing the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international program led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency) and the Canadian Space Agency.

Source: NASA



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Beyond the Visual: The Intersection of Art and Sound

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Charlie W. Grease
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Beyond the Visual: The Intersection of Art and Sound

Art has long been celebrated as a visual medium, capturing the imagination and stimulating the senses through brushstrokes, colors, and compositions. However, the power of art extends beyond what meets the eye. Sound, with its ability to evoke emotions and engage our auditory senses, has found an intriguing intersection with visual art. This fusion of art and sound has given rise to a new dimension of artistic expression that transcends the boundaries of traditional visuals. In this article, we will explore the profound merging of these two forms of artistic communication.

Subheading 1: Painting with Sound: The Auditory Canvas

Visual art often breathes life into the static canvas through the dynamic use of color, line, and shape. Similarly, sound can be used as a tool to paint a vivid and immersive auditory canvas. Artists now explore the creation of soundscapes, where the composition becomes an intricate expression of emotions, atmospheres, and stories. Just as an artist might use brushstrokes to layer and blend colors, musicians and sound artists utilize various tones, textures, and rhythms to build complex auditory narratives.

The concept of painting with sound has been employed by composers and musicians to enhance the immersive experience of visual arts exhibitions and installations. By orchestrating soundscapes that resonate with the underlying themes or visual elements of an artwork, they create an entirely new dimension for the audience to explore. Through the harmonious coexistence of art and sound, viewers engage with a multi-sensory experience that amplifies the impact and emotional resonance of the artwork.

Subheading 2: Synesthesia: When Art and Sound Collide

Beyond sound complementing visual art, a phenomenon known as synesthesia takes the fusion between art and sound to another level. Synesthesia refers to a neurological condition in which one sensory experience involuntarily triggers another. This means that an individual with synesthesia might see colors and shapes when they hear specific sounds or musical notes.

For artists and musicians who experience synesthesia, the relationship between sound and visual art becomes deeply intertwined. They can tap into this multisensory experience in their artistic creations, creating visual art that directly translates into sound, or vice versa. This unique ability allows synesthetic artists to present the world in a way that combines the auditory and visual dimensions. They provide audiences with an extraordinary glimpse into their sensorial experiences and invite them to perceive art in an entirely novel way.

This cross-pollination between art and sound opens up a world of possibilities for both artists and audiences. It encourages exploration, collaboration, and a deeper understanding of how different sensory stimuli can intertwine to create a rich and authentic artistic experience. By pushing the boundaries of traditional art forms, the intersection of art and sound challenges us to see, feel, and hear the world in new and captivating ways.

Capturing Life’s Essence: The Storytelling Nature of Portraiture

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Charlie W. Grease
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woman in white brassiere leaning on black metal railings during daytime
Photo by Matthew Moloney on Unsplash

Portraiture has been an essential part of art for centuries. From the intricate details in classical oil paintings to today’s avant-garde photographic portraits, each work tells a unique story about the subject. Portraits not only capture the physical likeness of individuals but also encapsulate their emotions, personality, and experiences. They serve as a powerful medium for expressing the essence of life. This article explores the storytelling nature of portraiture and its ability to convey the depth and complexity of human existence.

1. The Emotional Narrative: Portraits as windows into the human soul

One of the most remarkable aspects of portraiture is its ability to convey emotions and capture the essence of the subjects’ inner world. A skilled portrait artist can use various techniques to reveal the emotions and thoughts of the individual being portrayed. The subject’s eyes, for example, can directly engage the viewer, evoking empathy and inviting them to connect with the depicted person on a deeper level.

The posture, gestures, and facial expressions portrayed in a portrait also contribute to the emotional narrative. A slight smile can communicate joy, while a furrowed brow might hint at worry or contemplation. By capturing these subtle nuances, the artist can create a powerful narrative that reflects the subject’s emotional state, experiences, and even their journey through life. A portrait, in this sense, becomes a door that allows us to explore the complexities of human existence.

2. Contextualizing Identity: Portraits as portraits of society

Every portrait is not only a representation of an individual but also an encapsulation of the time and society in which they exist. Portraits serve as historical documents, often reflecting the cultural, social, and political influences that shape the subject’s identity. By examining a portrait, we can gain insights into the fashion, values, and cultural norms prevalent during that period.

For example, portraits from the Renaissance period not only reveal the physical appearance of the subjects but also offer glimpses into the political and social power structures of the time. Similarly, contemporary portraiture can reflect the diversity and inclusivity movements of today’s world, capturing individuals from different ethnicities, genders, and backgrounds.

In this way, portraiture becomes a means of contextualizing identity within the larger fabric of society. It invites us to explore both the individual and the collective, providing a broader understanding of the human experience throughout different eras.

Conclusion

Portraiture’s storytelling nature goes beyond capturing a simple likeness or physical appearance. Through a combination of artistic skill and psychological insight, portraiture encapsulates the essence of life, conveying emotions, experiences, and societal influences. Whether through expressive brushstrokes or skillful photography, portraits offer unique narratives that engage and connect with viewers, showcasing the multifaceted nature of human existence. By exploring these narratives, we deepen our understanding of ourselves, society, and the relentless beauty of the human spirit.

Finding Harmony in Chaos: The Art of Collage

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Charlie W. Grease
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Finding Harmony in Chaos: The Art of Collage

In today’s fast-paced world, chaos seems to be a constant companion. We are bombarded with information, images, and ideas from all directions, leaving us feeling overwhelmed and disconnected. However, amidst the chaos, there is beauty to be found – and one artistic medium that captures this essence is collage. The art of collage offers a unique way to create harmony by assembling various elements and bringing them together in a cohesive and visually appealing way. Let’s explore the world of collage and discover how it enables us to find harmony in chaos.

1. The Magic of Assembling Disparate Elements

Collage is the technique of creating a new whole by assembling different elements, such as photographs, papers, fabrics, and other objects. It allows artists to break away from traditional constraints and explore new possibilities by combining disparate elements that may seem unrelated at first glance.

In the chaos of everyday life, collage offers a way to bring order and unity. Artists carefully select and arrange these diverse elements, finding connections and meanings that might not have been apparent individually. The act of piecing together these fragments gives rise to a new creation that harmonizes with the chaos from which it was constructed. The resulting collage becomes a visual representation of the artist’s unique perspective on the world, bringing harmony to what initially seemed chaotic.

2. Storytelling through Layers and Texture

One of the intriguing aspects of collage is its ability to tell stories through the layers and textures created by the assembled elements. The juxtaposition of different materials and images adds depth and complexity, inviting viewers to explore multiple layers of meaning and interpretation.

In this way, collage allows artists to navigate the chaos of their experiences and emotions by using symbols and visual metaphors. It offers a platform to convey personal narratives, social commentaries, or abstract concepts that may otherwise be challenging to express. The different elements within a collage work together to create a harmonious whole, illustrating that even in chaos, there is coherence and meaning.

Furthermore, the physical texture within a collage adds another dimension to the artwork. By combining different materials like torn paper, textured fabrics, or found objects, artists create tactile compositions that engage the viewer’s senses. The tactile experience further enhances the connection between chaos and harmony, as one can physically feel the textures intermingling, reinforcing the idea that harmony can be found in even the most chaotic of circumstances.

In conclusion, collage is an art form that allows us to find harmony in the chaos that surrounds us. By assembling disparate elements and creating order from the disorder, collage artists showcase the beauty that can emerge from chaos. Through storytelling and the incorporation of texture, collage brings a sense of unity and wholeness to what might initially seem fragmented and chaotic. So, the next time you find yourself overwhelmed by the chaos of the world, perhaps it is a good time to embrace the art of collage and discover the harmony awaiting within it.

Reviving Ancient Techniques: The Renaissance of Traditional Art

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Charlie W. Grease
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Reviving Ancient Techniques: The Renaissance of Traditional Art

Throughout history, art has served as a medium of expression, capturing the essence of different cultures and times. From ancient cave paintings to modern abstract expressions, art has evolved, assimilating new techniques and materials. However, amidst the countless innovations, there has been a recent resurgence in reviving ancient techniques, bringing back traditional art forms and breathing new life into them. This renaissance of traditional art has not only created a bridge between history and the present but also reinstated the importance of artistic heritage. In this article, we will delve into this fascinating revival, exploring two subheadings: the resurgence of handcrafting and the rediscovery of natural pigments.

Resurgence of Handcrafting

In a world dominated by mass production and digitalization, the art of handcrafting has often been overshadowed. However, in recent years, there has been a noticeable shift, with artists and enthusiasts reviving traditional handcrafting techniques. Whether it be woodworking, ceramics, fiber art, or calligraphy, there is a growing appreciation for the meticulous skill and attention to detail involved in these crafts.

Woodworking, for instance, has seen a resurgence of techniques such as marquetry and inlay work, where skilled artisans create intricate patterns and designs using different types of wood. This evolving trend has not only pushed the boundaries of creativity but also allowed people to reconnect with the tactile and sensory experience of working with their hands.

Similarly, the art of ceramics has witnessed a renaissance, with potters moving away from the mass-produced, uniform pieces towards the uniqueness of handmade pottery. From wheel-throwing to hand-building, artists are exploring ancient techniques like raku firing and pit firing, which produce unpredictable and awe-inspiring results. The revival of these traditional methods has provided a platform for artists to express their creativity and individuality through their craft.

Rediscovery of Natural Pigments

Another fascinating aspect of the renaissance of traditional art is the rediscovery and utilization of natural pigments. These pigments, sourced from minerals, stones, plants, and even insects, were widely used by ancient civilizations to create vibrant colors that have stood the test of time. Today, artists and conservators are once again turning to these natural sources, not only for their historical significance but also for their unmatched quality.

Traditionally, plants such as indigo, madder root, and weld were used to create exquisite dyes, while minerals like ochre, malachite, and azurite provided a rich array of earth tones and blues. The resurgence of interest in natural pigments has prompted artists to explore recipes and techniques from centuries ago, ensuring the preservation of ancient knowledge. Additionally, the use of natural pigments provides a sustainable alternative to synthetic dyes, aligning with the growing consciousness towards eco-friendly practices.

Furthermore, the rediscovery of natural pigments has a profound impact on the end result of artwork. These pigments possess an inherent beauty, texture, and depth that synthetic colors often fail to replicate. By embracing these traditional materials, artists are able to create visually stunning pieces that connect the past with the present, adding layers of historical and cultural significance.

Conclusion

The renaissance of traditional art techniques signifies a powerful shift in the art world, one that acknowledges the importance of preserving heritage and embracing the wisdom of our artistic ancestors. The resurgence of handcrafting and the rediscovery of natural pigments not only provide a platform for artists to explore their creativity but also serve as a reminder of the timeless beauty and unparalleled craftsmanship of traditional art forms. As this revival continues to gain momentum, it is evident that ancient techniques will remain an integral part of the ever-evolving artistic landscape.

Exploring the Cosmic Beauty: A Journey into Abstract Art

By
Charlie W. Grease
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Exploring the Cosmic Beauty: A Journey into Abstract Art

Abstract art has long fascinated art lovers and enthusiasts with its captivating beauty and ability to evoke a wide range of emotions. It is a unique form of artistic expression that breaks away from the confines of realism and embraces the mysterious and intangible aspects of the universe. Exploring abstract art is like embarking on a cosmic journey, where the boundaries of the physical world blur, and imagination takes flight. Let us delve into this extraordinary realm and discover the cosmic beauty that lies within:

1. The Universe Unleashed: Abstract Art as an Expression of Infinity

When we look up at the vast expanse of the night sky, we cannot help but feel a sense of awe and wonder. It is this very feeling that abstract art seeks to capture and convey. Just as the universe is boundless and infinite, abstract art pushes the boundaries of visual representation by exploring shapes, colors, and forms that transcend our perceived reality.

In many abstract artworks, we witness a sense of explosion and expansion, as if the artist is releasing the power of the cosmos onto the canvas. Bold and vibrant strokes, swirling patterns, and a kaleidoscope of colors come together to create a symphony of cosmic proportions. This explosion of creative energy serves as a reminder of our own infinitesimal place in the universe and invites us to contemplate the mysteries that lie beyond our understanding.

2. Inner Landscapes: Abstract Art as a Reflection of the Human Psyche

While abstract art often explores the grandeur of the cosmos, it can also delve deep into the recesses of our minds and souls. Abstract artists have the ability to create visual landscapes that represent the complexity and depth of human emotions and experiences.

Sometimes, these inner landscapes appear serene and harmonious, with gentle brushstrokes and subtle color combinations. They invite us to reflect upon moments of tranquility and find solace in the chaos of the world around us. On the other hand, abstract pieces can also be full of turmoil and unrest, with bold and aggressive gestures that mirror our inner struggles and conflicts.

Abstract art allows us to see beyond the surface and into the depths of our own psyche, giving us a glimpse into the universal human experience. By evoking emotions that cannot be expressed through words, it connects artists and viewers on a profound level, transcending cultural, linguistic, and geographical barriers.

In conclusion, abstract art offers us a fascinating journey into the cosmic beauty that surrounds and resides within us. It challenges our perceptions, expands our imagination, and encourages us to explore the vastness of the universe and our own inner landscapes. Whether through explosive bursts of color or serene compositions, abstract artworks invite us to contemplate the mysteries of existence and tap into the boundless creativity of the human spirit. So, let us embark on this journey into abstract art and allow ourselves to be captivated by the cosmic beauty that awaits us.

Revolutionizing Music Education: Innovative Approaches and Benefits

By
Charlie W. Grease
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Revolutionizing Music Education: Innovative Approaches and Benefits

Introduction:
Music education has long been recognized as crucial for the development of children and adults alike. From enhancing cognitive abilities to improving communication skills, learning music offers numerous benefits. However, traditional approaches to music education sometimes fail to fully engage students or adapt to their individual needs and interests. This has led to the revolutionization of music education through innovative approaches that cater to the ever-changing demands and preferences of learners. In this article, we will delve into two subheadings that highlight some of the innovative approaches in music education and the benefits they offer.

1. Technology and Music Education:
With the rapid advancement of technology, music education has been given a significant boost in terms of accessibility and interactive learning experiences. Here are a few innovative uses of technology in music education:

a) Online Platforms and Applications: The internet has opened up endless possibilities for learning and practicing music. Online platforms and applications provide learners with an array of resources, from virtual practice rooms and instrument tutorials to collaborative platforms for composition and performance. These tools also allow learners to connect with instructors, other musicians, and music enthusiasts from all around the world, fostering a global and inclusive musical community.

b) Digital Music Production: Digital audio workstations (DAWs) have revolutionized the production and recording of music. These software programs enable students to explore different musical genres and experiment with various sounds, loops, and effects. They can compose, arrange, and mix their own tracks, developing crucial skills in music production and sound engineering. Digital music production also offers a more affordable alternative to traditional recording studios, making music creation accessible to a wider audience.

Benefits:
– Increased accessibility: Technology has made music education available to individuals who may not have otherwise had access to formal instruction or resources. With online platforms and software, learning music becomes possible regardless of geographical location, socioeconomic status, or physical capabilities.
– Personalized learning: Technology allows for personalized learning experiences tailored to each student’s level, pace, and interests. Interactive tutorials, adaptive learning platforms, and real-time feedback mechanisms further enhance the individualized approach, enabling students to progress at their own pace while receiving personalized guidance.

2. Multidisciplinary Approaches to Music Education:
Recognizing the interconnectedness of various art forms, innovative music educators are incorporating multidisciplinary approaches into their teaching methods. By integrating music with other artistic disciplines, such as visual arts, dance, theater, and literature, music education becomes more dynamic and engaging. Here are a few examples:

a) Music and Visual Arts: Combining music with visual arts allows students to explore the relationship between sound and visuals, fostering their creativity and expression. Activities like creating album covers, designing stage sets, or crafting visual representations of musical pieces encourage students to think beyond just sound, broadening their understanding and appreciation of music.

b) Music and Movement: Integrating music with dance or movement develops students’ rhythm, physical coordination, and kinesthetic understanding of musical concepts. Activities like creating choreography to musical pieces or improvising movement to different rhythms help students embody the music and express it through movement.

Benefits:
– Enhanced creativity: Multidisciplinary approaches stimulate creativity and provide students with a variety of tools and mediums for artistic expression. By venturing beyond the boundaries of traditional music education, students are encouraged to explore their creativity through different lenses, leading to innovative ideas and unique interpretations.
– Holistic development: Multidisciplinary approaches foster a holistic approach to learning, nurturing not only musical skills but also cognitive, emotional, and physical development. Integrating music with other disciplines engages different parts of the brain, promoting critical thinking, problem-solving abilities, and emotional intelligence.

Conclusion:
Innovative approaches in music education are revolutionizing the way individuals learn and engage with music. Through the integration of technology and the application of multidisciplinary approaches, music education becomes more accessible, personalized, and engaging. As these innovative methods continue to evolve, they offer endless possibilities for learners of all ages and backgrounds, ensuring that music education remains relevant and beneficial in today’s rapidly changing world.

Protecting older persons’ rights benefit everyone: UN chief

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United Nations News
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Protecting older persons’ rights benefit everyone: UN chief

In a message commemorating Sunday’s International Day of Older Persons, the UN chief underscored the pervasive issue of ageism in society and the vulnerability of older persons in the face of crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, poverty and climate emergencies.

“Addressing these and other issues is a human rights imperative that will benefit everyone,” he said.

Today’s youth, tomorrow’s older persons

The theme of this year’s International Day is “Fulfilling the Promises of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights for Older Persons: Across Generations.”

Studies show that number of people aged 65 years or older worldwide is projected to more than double – rising from 761 million in 2021 to 1.6 billion in 2050 – with the number of people aged 80 years or older growing even faster.

This further underscores the urgency of strengthening the protection of the human rights of current and future generations of older persons around the world.

Much to contribute

Mr. Guterres highlighted that older persons can make significant contributions in terms of their knowledge and experience, and have the potential to contribute to peace, sustainable development and the protection of the environment.

“We must ensure their active engagement, full participation, and essential contributions – including through social and workplace policies built around their specific needs,” he said.

He also emphasized the need for intergenerational dialogue and unity as vital components of building more inclusive and age-friendly societies and a resilient world for everyone.

By 2050, there will be twice as many older persons aged 65 than in 2021.

Uphold human rights

Echoing Secretary-General’s call, Claudia Mahler, Independent Expert on the enjoyment of all human rights by older persons, urged nations to uphold the human rights of older persons as enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).

“I call on Member States, the United Nations, National Human Rights Institutions, civil society and all relevant stakeholders to make the Universal Declaration a reality for all older persons,” she said.

While the UDHR encompasses the human rights of older persons, Ms. Mahler expressed concern that older individuals often remain invisible in international human rights law due to a lack of recognition of ageism and explicit prohibition of age-based discrimination.

“I encourage Member States to uphold and promote the universality and indivisibility of human rights in pledging for a future of human rights for all older persons, keeping in mind that the youth of today are the older persons of tomorrow.”

Independent experts

Independent Experts are part of what is known as the Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council. They are mandated to monitor and report on specific thematic issues, such as human rights of older persons, or country situations.

They serve in their individual capacity. They are not UN staff and do not receive a salary.

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How Costa Rica drafted Latin America’s first ever anti-hate strategy

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United Nations News
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How Costa Rica drafted Latin America’s first ever anti-hate strategy

“Costa Rican society does not teach us that there are indigenous people in this country,” she said. “It is a form of discrimination, making the existence of indigenous peoples invisible.”

Faustina Torres belongs to the Bribri indigenous community in Costa Rica.

Amid an alarming trend of spiraling hate speech and discrimination online platforms, Costa Rica, with UN support, has been designing Latin America’s first ever strategy to fight back, Poised to unveil the powerful tool by the end of 2023, the landmark strategy aims at laying the foundation for new national policies,

 “We must not let expressions of hate, violence, and discrimination become normalized in public and digital spaces,” Costa Rica’s Communication Minister Jorge Rodríguez explained when announcing the strategy’s unveiling. “Today, we recognize that decisive action is required from the State, but also from all social actors to address this great challenge.”

Targeted people are ‘scared’

Attempts to unravel the social fabric may be virtual, but the threats are real. An artificial intelligence (AI) driven UN study earlier this year detected more than 1.4 million messages and conversations related to hate and discrimination on Costa Rica’s social media platforms, a 255 per cent spike since 2021.

Allegra Baiocchi, the UN Resident Coordinator the country, said her team realized that most hate content targeted women, particularly those in leadership positions, LGBTQ issues, and migrants.

“When we started speaking to women and some of the people who had been targeted, they told us that they felt scared, scared to express their opinions,” she said.

After the UN urged immediate action, Costa Rica stepped up, laying the groundwork for a safe digital space for all, which can act as a replicable blueprint for fighting hate online around the world.

Multi-pronged approach

Aligned with the UN Secretary-General’s priorities to stamp out hate and led by a multidisciplinary expert team from the UN and the Government, the new strategy will provide solutions to stop these scourges from spreading online, from determining responsibilities, creating new monitoring, and identifying areas of action.

“With the launch of this process of creating a national strategy, we are taking a step in the right direction,” Ms. Baiocchi said.

UN Costa Rica/Danilo Mora

The UN Resident Coordinator in Costa Rica, Allegra Baiocchi (right), visits a young mother who lives in an underserved neighborhood of San José, Costa Rica.

 

Steps already taken include the recent launch of a guide to confront digital violence against women in politics. In the same vein, the Government established an observatory on hate speech with the University of Costa Rica, passed a law protecting women in politics, and forged a partnership with the Lawyers Committee Association, who studied laws on hate speech evolving around the world and produced a handbook for those affected.

“In Costa Rica, if you’ve been a victim of hate speech, you can go to this handbook and see what is already available for you to protect yourself,” said Ms. Baiocchi, highlighting other such ongoing initiatives as teaching debate in schools.

“Fundamentally, the message behind any work on hate speech and discrimination…is about being able to respect each other and coexist,” she said.

That approach is in line with UN Secretary-General António Guterres’ aim of crushing hate speech online and off. In response to trends of growing xenophobia, racism and intolerance, violent misogyny, antisemitism, and anti-Muslim hatred around the world, the Secretary-General launched the UN Strategy and Plan of Action on Hate Speech in 2019.

“If left unchecked,” he said, “hate speech can even harm peace and development, as it lays the ground for conflicts and tensions, wide scale human rights violations.”

Find out more about how the UN is helping Costa Ricans here.

Subscribe to our podcast series, UNiting Against Hate, here.

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