Amid pandemic, domestic and sexual abuse is skyrocketing. Activists worry that news is being buried
VATICAN CITY (RNS) — Elections in the United States, a global pandemic and human rights protests have crowded the news coverage for most of 2020.
But activists and sexual abuse survivors continue to ask that the protection of minors and vulnerable adults in the Catholic Church and elsewhere remain a priority despite losing momentum, as risks of online and domestic abuse grow globally.
“It became pretty clear to us very early on that the attention given to safeguarding and protecting the dignity and safety of children, and vulnerable people in general, moved out of the center of attention for many people and for many institutions,” said the Rev. Hans Zollner, a Vatican official spearheading the fight against sexual abuse in the Catholic Church, in an interview with Religion News Service on Wednesday (Aug. 26).
Zollner heads the Pontifical Gregorian University’s Centre for Child Protection and is a member of the Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors, created by Pope Francis in 2014.
As the pandemic triggered global lockdowns, forcing citizens to stay at home and avoid crowded events, many young people and vulnerable adults found themselves at a heightened risk of suffering physical and psychological abuse.
The largest nonprofit anti-sexual assault organization in the United States, the Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network, or RAINN, announced in a July news release that it received an unprecedented number of reports by minors of sexual abuse this year during the pandemic.
Throughout Europe, countries have recorded a worrying spike in domestic violence just as “corona divorces” grow in Japan and China after months of lockdown, with many women citing domestic violence as the main cause.
For young people, more time at home also means more access to the internet and social media, where global watchdog organizations have found an increase in sexual predators and grooming efforts. The European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation, called Europol, warned of a “sharp increase” in the exchange of abusive material online in a news release issued in June.
Pope Francis touches the head of a baby at the St. Louis Hospital in Bangkok on Nov. 21, 2019. Pope Francis called for migrants to be welcomed and for women and children to be protected from exploitation, abuse and enslavement as he began a busy two days of activities in Thailand. (AP Photo/Rapeephat Sitichailapa)
Despite these concerning trends, child protection agencies and survivors told RNS they feel set aside in the global discourse as donations dwindle and media attention is focused on health and financial questions posed by the pandemic.
The head of the largest clergy abuse survivor network in Italy, Rete L’Abuso, said he saw a “massive drop” in attention and action on child protection since the beginning of the lockdown in the peninsula.
“There was a sense of abandonment for many victims,” clergy abuse survivor Francesco Zanardi told RNS on Thursday, adding that many centers for reporting abuse and providing services to victims were shut down at the height of the pandemic.
Sexual abuse trials, both lay and canonical, have been stopped or postponed for several months, Zanardi said. He also said many victims in Italy are now seeking to settle deals with dioceses in order to avoid costly fees and receive immediate cash amid a struggling financial outlook.
Meanwhile, donations for the survivor network have “dropped to zero,” with many donors withdrawing their monthly subscription, Zanardi said.
“It’s too soon to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the sexual abuse by clergy,” Zanardi said, especially since reports tend to emerge years — even decades — after the offense, but continued media attention “gives victims the courage to come forward, as well as providing a better awareness for citizens.”
Zanardi highlighted the island of Sicily, located at the tip of the Italian boot-shaped peninsula, as a high-risk region for abuse that lacks adequate safeguards for minors. One such example is the case of the family of an underage girl who authorities say was raped over a four-year period by the head of a lay Catholic association.
The trial for the lay head of the Catholic association, Piero Alfio Capuana, has been postponed numerous times during the pandemic and even the local diocese has fallen silent on the case, which had acquired significant media scrutiny in the past.
“We didn’t hear anything from the Curia,” said the mother of the victim, who wishes to remain anonymous to protect her underage daughter’s identity, in a phone interview with RNS on Thursday.
“We are now forgotten,” she added.
The Rev. Hans Zollner, one of the founding members of the Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors, speaks during a news conference at the Foreign Press Association headquarters in Rome on Sept. 27, 2018. (AP Photo/Domenico Stinellis)
Even the church struggled in the early months of the pandemic to continue monitoring and instructing on abuse safety measures as the global attention shifted to health and policy concerns. Zollner said the first two to three months of lockdown showed a drop in communication and collaboration requests from the numerous institutions and dioceses around the world.
“Before (the pandemic) there was much interest about sexual abuse committed by priests even in the past. There was a rise of interest in many media outlets across the globe,” he said. “All of a sudden it stopped.”
The German priest said that even in conversations with policymakers and activists in several countries, sexual abuse scrolled down the international agendas to benefit concerns over the pandemic’s impact on the economy, travel restrictions and public health.
“People got interested in their own well-being, which is understandable, of course, not looking at the dangers for others, in this case for young people, while at the same time those dangers were bigger than before,” he said.
He called for a renewed interest by the media in covering cases of sexual abuse, while encouraging reporters to also focus on positive stories of how survivors have found justice and reconciliation.
Current setbacks have also fueled creativity and ingenuity in the Centre for Child Protection, Zollner said, especially through the use of social media and online news conferences that were able to bring together larger numbers than was possible with in-person meetings.
“We learn from different experiences and we come up with new pedagogical insights,” he said, adding that the online presence of the center has “intensified” in recent months, creating the framework for future steps forward.
Over the next few months, Zollner hopes to unveil a concrete new approach that builds on the lessons learned during the pandemic: namely, networking.
“Financial means will be restricted as public attention is decreased,” he said. “To come up with something that will bring us back to the previous stage of attention we will necessarily need to come together and work together, because this is something that no one can do for themselves or an institution alone.”
Talk about a spoiled birthday. For years leading up to its 150th anniversary the Metropolitan Museum of Art had been planning a swell of celebratory programming: an overhaul of its British Galleries, debuts of major gifts of photography and drawing, new cross-cultural displays, an international symposium on collecting, a Great Hall photo op with the mayor and a big cake.
At the center of this Busby Berkeley-scaled jubilee was to be “Making the Met,” an exhibition mapping the growth and transformations of the museum’s collection. You know the rest: Days before the show’s planned opening, the coronavirus pandemic forced this museum and every other in New York to shut down, and turned the Met’s sesquicentennial into an annus horribilis.
The museum now foresees a $150 million loss in revenue for the year, and has shrunk its staff by 20 percent through layoffs, furloughs and early retirement. Shows have been delayed or canceled, budgets tightened. The Met Breuer, its four-year, hit-and-often-miss satellite, closed with a whimper; its meticulous last show, of the German painter Gerhard Richter, saw the light for just nine days.
By June, the Met’s director, Max Hollein, was apologizing for a botched statement of solidarity with Black Lives Matter after the killings of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor ignited online arguments over museums’ past and present wrongdoings. Later that month he had to apologize again, after a senior curator misstepped on Instagram as protesters nationwide pulled down statues. Mr. Hollein, using far more direct language than his predecessors, conceded that “There is no doubt that the Met and its development is also connected with a logic of what is defined as white supremacy.”
So the museum that reopens to the public Saturday, after by far the longest closure in its history, has taken some knocks, and “Making the Met” now has to answer weightier questions. Just what kind of institution is this? How does this museum, does any universal museum, give an account of itself today?
Andrea Bayer, the Met’s deputy director for collections and administration, and Laura D. Corey, a senior researcher at the museum, have tried to craft that account with a team of hundreds, all credited by name at the entrance to “Making the Met.” Its more than 250 objects are displayed, roughly speaking, by the date the Met acquired them rather than the period or place they were made. This unusual organizing principle lets you map the growth of the Met from room to room, even as it creates strange, riveting juxtapositions across time.
The opening gallery of “Making the Met, 1870-2020.” From left: a 19th-century Mangaaka power figure from the Kongo kingdom; Vincent van Gogh’s “La Berceuse (Woman Rocking a Cradle)” (1889); Isamu Noguchi’s “Kouros”; Rodin’s “The Age of Bronze (L’Age d’airain)”; and Richard Avedon’s 1957 photograph of Marilyn Monroe.Credit…Karsten Moran for The New York Times
Body mask, from the mid-20th century, created by the Asmat people of New Guinea. The young anthropologist Michael Rockefeller negotiated its purchase with Asmat clan leaders in 1961, and disappeared the same year.Credit…via The Metropolitan Museum of Art A closer view of the nail-studded Mangaaka power figure from the Kongo kingdom.Credit…via The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Michelangelo drawings mingle with Egyptian statuary. Burmese harps sit beside Flemish lace. The show’s horn-blowing prologue, where van Gogh and Rodin appear with a nail-studded Mangaaka power figure from the Kongo kingdom and a Richard Avedon photograph of Marilyn Monroe, testifies to the unparalleled strength and breadth of the Met’s collection, first modeled after European museums and now outclassing them.
For visitors returning after five months, the catholicity of these galleries will be a treat. Here is a legends-only mini-Met, which can be appreciated on the surface as a supersaturated treasure house. But in its structure, “Making the Met” is all about the ambitions and blind spots of an institution — and the changing schemes of meaning, value and interpretation that form an invisible frame around all the world’s beauty.
Those ambitions began in 1866, in a flush of American optimism after the end of the Civil War, and came to fruition four years later with the acquisition of a Roman sarcophagus. The early Met, like the nearly contemporaneous art museums of Philadelphia, Boston and Chicago, scored rather higher on aspiration than connoisseurship. Anthony van Dyck’s 1624 painting “Saint Rosalie Interceding for the Plague-stricken of Palermo.” A fitting work for our current time, it was among the Met’s first acquisitions.Credit…Karsten Moran for The New York Times
The earliest purchases in “Making the Met” include a fine marble bust of Benjamin Franklin, by the Revolutionary-era French sculptor Jean Antoine Houdon, but also misattributed old masters, replicas of European sculptures, and thousands of Cypriot antiquities that its first director, Luigi Palma di Cesnola, excavated with something less than scientific rigor. (Also among these first acquisitions is Anthony van Dyck’s 1624 painting of Saint Rosalia, the protectress of plague-stricken Palermo, which I was lucky to see in the first days of the pandemic.) “It contains no first-rate example of a first-rate genius,” griped an anonymous critic for The Atlantic Monthly — who turns out to have been Henry James.
But the Met was underway, and from here “Making the Met” plots the development of the collection in nine further chronological galleries, joined up by a central alley that displays projections of the museum’s old information desk, signage workshop, repair rooms.
One gallery focuses on the Met’s deep study collections of textiles, works on paper, and musical instruments, established in the early 20th century. Another zeros in on antiquities acquired through museum-financed archaeological digs of the 1920s and ’30s, when the Met would divvy up discoveries with host countries under a now obsolete legal principle called “partage.” A commanding seated statue of the female pharaoh Hatshepsut, unearthed in Egypt in 1927-28, entered the Met in this way, or at least her head and left arm did; the museum only pieced her body back together later after finding the other bits in Berlin. The commanding “Seated Statue of Hatshepsut” (circa 1479-1458 B.C.). Visible through the window is the obelisk “Cleopatra’s Needle” in Central Park.Credit…Karsten Moran for The New York Times
The ultimate stimulators of the growth of the collection, in the first Gilded Age as in our current one, were the city’s richest: J.P. Morgan, Robert Lehman, and other financiers and industrialists who inherited the tastes, and in the best cases the noblesse oblige, of European princes. They set out to “convert pork into porcelain,” in the rather gauche words of one early museum trustee — and “Making the Met” has heaps of their finest donations, from an exquisite 14th-century mosque lamp, which Morgan gave in 1917, to a burnished 1636 van Dyck portrait of the pregnant Queen Henrietta Maria of England, which Jayne Wrightsman bequeathed to the Met upon her death last year.
Picasso’s 1913-14 “Woman in a Chemise in an Armchair,” whose disjunctive articulations of arms and breasts owe debts to West African statuary, is another new arrival; Leonard Lauder delivered it last year, part of his promised gift of Cubist painting that has beefed up the holdings of a museum once frightened of modernism. Manet’s “Dead Christ With Angels” (1864), in which Jesus is seen hovering between life and death. Our critic calls it “one of the most staggering paintings in the whole museum.”Credit…Edouard Manet, via The Metropolitan Museum of Art
The transformative Impressionist gifts of the Havemeyer family (whose fortunes, a text here acknowledges, were made in the brutal sugar trade) take over nearly a whole gallery in this show. Manet’s fearlessly blunt “Dead Christ With Angels” (1864) — a Havemeyer gift in which the sallow Jesus, hovering between life and death, looms in a depthless cave — remains one of the most staggering paintings in the whole museum. Here it functions almost as an emergency brake, appearing with Courbet’s lusty “Woman With a Parrot” (1866) and one of Monet’s first plein-air riverscapes, “La Grenouillère” (1869), but also with Havemeyer donations like opalescent Tiffany vases and an impression of Hokusai’s “The Great Wave,” circa 1830-32. An installation view of some of the Islamic acquisitions, including, from left: the end of a balustrade; on the wall, a folio from “Hamzanama (The Adventures of Hamza)”; two folios, one from the Shah Jahan Album and the other from the Shah Jahan Album; and an early 17th-century “Pierced Window Screen (Jali).”Credit…Karsten Moran for The New York Times
During World War II, several museum officials joined the effort to save, catalog and restitute art looted by the Nazis. These “Monuments Men” — and several women — included James J. Rorimer, the director of the Cloisters (and later the entire Met), whose notebook here is open to an inventory of loot he found in Neuschwanstein Castle in 1945; and Edith A. Standen, a tapestries curator and decorated military officer, who oversaw the restitution of thousands of artworks to Berlin’s state museums. She’s represented here by her stiff wool military uniform, now part of the Costume Institute. “Night-Shining White” (circa 750), a scroll painting of a bucking steed by the Tang Dynasty painter Han Gan.Credit…Han Gan, via Metropolitan Museum of Art
Acquisitions made around the museum’s centennial illustrate the postwar expansion of the Asian collection and the Islamic holdings; the creation of the Rockefeller wing for art of Africa, Oceania and the Indigenous Americas; and a growing embrace of modern and contemporary creation. Stop before “Night-Shining White,” an energetic scroll painting of a bucking steed by the Tang Dynasty painter Han Gan, and scrutinize the white horse’s bristling mane and flaring nostrils. Examine the remarkable full-body mask, woven by the Asmat people of New Guinea, affixed with eyes of carved wood and eyelashes of cassowary feathers.
And now? The open-ended conclusion to “Making the Met” suggests a few new priorities for the museum’s departments. The European sculpture team has acquired some Venetian Judaica, the Islamic department has bought gold-trimmed headdresses for an Indonesian hajji, and the modern division owns recent works by the Ghanaian sculptor El Anatsui and the Indian artist Mrinalini Mukherjee, subject of a Met Breuer retrospective last summer. An installation of “Making the Met.” On the far back wall is El Anatsui’s “Dusasa II,” 2007.Credit…Karsten Moran for The New York Times
The conclusion is somewhat baggy, but for a show about collecting that may be the point. For the Met’s primary challenge in 2020 is not what to buy. It’s how to show it, and whether a 150-year-old museum can remain nimble enough to forge new practices of research, interpretation and display.
It’s easy to identify gaps in a supposedly “universal” collection, and very easy to post anachronic judgments of what your predecessors ignored. Harder and more important is to engage with the deep structure of collecting: to understand what we value most, and how, and why, as the museum tries to chart a path from Eurocentricity to a real universalism. The Met’s holdings have globalized, to be sure. And they’re not implicated quite as directly in colonial violence as the loot-filled ethnographic museums of Western Europe. Still, if the Met’s “development,” as Mr. Hollein himself says, is “connected with a logic of what is defined as white supremacy,” then what exactly is to be celebrated at this anniversary party? A wall case contains a dizzying array of intricate pieces, including an Islamic glass bottle, alabaster figures, and a book cover with ivory figures from before 1085.Credit…Karsten Moran for The New York Times
The answer, Ms. Bayer and her team affirm in “Making the Met,” lies inside the beautiful objects themselves, in the layers of history that have accreted in the last century and a half. These works, having traveled to New York from all corners, bear memories of encounters, scars of violence, new names, new prices. They’ve been transformed as they’ve moved, and so they’re ideally positioned to map the intersections and interdependence of our histories.
But to articulate that interdependence you need to do more than fill gaps in a purportedly universal collection. You need a new “relational ethics,” in the words of the French art historian Bénédicte Savoy and the Senegalese economist Felwine Sarr, authors of the groundbreaking 2018 report on the restitution of African art. Relational ethics means recognizing that what the museum once called “universal” was one specific worldview — not to be scrapped wholesale, but to be absorbed into a global network of other tactics, other approaches, other voices.
Relational ethics means treating objects of the collection not as static objects of beauty, but vectors whose meanings and values change as they circulate among peoples — as the Met did in “Interwoven Globe,” its unbelievably intelligent textile exhibition of 2013. It means opening new circuits of research and collaboration that stretch well past 1000 Fifth Avenue — as the Met has done in its current knockout show “Sahel,” whose curators worked with colleagues in Senegal and Niger. Relational ethics means something much deeper than a box-ticking exercise; it means elaborating the humanism that the Met supposedly stands for to its fullest, most global extent.
Reformists inside our universal museums now promise “inclusion.” Radicals outside them prefer “decolonization.” But both of those objectives will come to naught, as Ms. Savoy and Mr. Sarr understood, unless we see culture as an infinite chain of differences, which always defies the binary oppositions we’ve inherited from the age of empire, colonialism and encyclopedic collecting. The Met in 2020 has the potential to be an exemplar of this relational ethics, and to place the Mangaaka statue, the Michelangelo drawing, the Marilyn Monroe photograph within a web of lived relations — where all of us, at all times, from all places, find our reflections in the art of all peoples. It is the only metropolitanism worth the name.
Making the Met, 1870-2020
Through Jan. 3 at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which reopens Aug. 29. (Member preview days are Aug. 27 and 28.) Visit metmuseum.org for an overview of safety protocols and ticketing information.
Greif, Inc. (NYSE:GEF) Q3 2020 Earnings Conference Call August 27, 2020 8:30 AM ET
Company Participants
Matt Eichmann – Investor Relations and Corporate Communications
Peter Watson – President and Chief Executive Officer
Larry Hilsheimer – Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Conference Call Participants
George Staphos – Bank of America Merrill Lynch
Gabe Hajde – Wells Fargo
Ghansham Panjabi – Baird Equity Research
Mark Wilde – BMO Capital Markets
Adam Josephson – KeyBanc
Steven Chercover – D.A. Davidson
Operator
Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by and welcome to the Greif Q3 2020 Earnings Call. At this time, all participants are a listen-only mode. After the speakers’ presentation, there will be a question-and-answer session. [Operator Instructions] Please be advised that today’s conference is being recorded. [Operator Instructions] Thank you.
I would now like to hand the conference over to your speaker for today, Matt Eichmann, Vice President Investor Relations and Corporate Communications. Please go ahead.
Matt Eichmann
Thank you, Jack and good morning everyone. Welcome to Greif’s third quarter fiscal 2020 earnings conference call. On the call today are Pete Watson, Greif’s President and Chief Executive Officer; and Larry Hilsheimer, Greif’s Chief Financial Officer. Pete and Larry will take questions at the end of today’s call.
In accordance with Regulation Fair Disclosure, we encourage you to ask questions regarding issues you consider material because we are prohibited from discussing significant non-public information with you on an individual basis. Please limit yourself to one question and one follow-up before returning to the queue.
Please turn to Slide 2. As a reminder, during today’s call, we will make forward-looking statements involving plans, expectations and beliefs related to future events. Actual results could differ materially from those discussed. Additionally, we’ll be referencing certain non-GAAP financial measures and reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP metrics can be found in the appendix of today’s presentation.
And now, I turn the presentation over to Pete on Slide 3.
Peter Watson
Hey, thank you Matt and good morning, everyone. Thank you for joining us today. As we expected, during the third quarter, we faced unprecedented economic turmoil caused by the global health pandemic, but the Greif team responded and delivered solid results through strong cost control and operational discipline.
Through that focus, we generated solid free cash flow and paid down debt. This is only possible, thanks to the commitment of our global Greif team, their extraordinary dedication to our business and our customers, and the pride they have in safely packaging and protecting critical goods and materials that serve the greater needs of our communities all around the world.
The COVID-19 pandemic remains an evolving situation. We are focused on executing enhanced health and safety protocols to safeguard the health of our colleagues and ensure the continuity of our supply chain to serve our customers. During the quarter, we achieved an all-time high trailing four quarter Customer Satisfaction Index score which further strengthens our standing with customers. And while profits were lower due to soft industrial demand and a significant price cost squeeze in our paper packaging business, free cash flow remained roughly flat to the prior year, and we have reduced net debt by more than $260 million versus the prior year quarter.
Please turn to Slide 4. Our Rigid Industrial Packing business delivered solid third quarter results despite significant volume decreases due to weak demand in the global industrial economy. Global steel drum volumes declined by 10% versus the prior-year quarter and demand was strongest in China where volumes rose 6%, thanks to the improving economic activity.
As you move west to our EMEA region, demand was weaker while the Middle East and North Africa business delivered steel growth of 6% versus the prior year, and the Mediterranean region grew by low-single digits, our Central and Western European steel drum volumes declined by low-double digits due to weak chemical and lubricant demand.
Americas region experienced the weakest conditions with steel drum volumes in the U.S. down by almost 20% versus prior year. This was a result of weak demand for industrial paints, chemicals and lubricants. Global IBC production fell by roughly 1% as we faced weaker demand from specialty and bulk chemical customers. RIPS’ third quarter sales fell roughly $79 million versus the prior year quarter on a currency neutral basis due to lower volumes and raw material price declines and corresponding contractual pricing adjustments.
Despite the decline in sales, RIPS’ third quarter adjusted EBITDA fell by only $5 million versus the prior year quarter due to lower raw material cost primarily attributable to roughly a $5 million opportunistic sourcing benefit and strong cost control that resulted in lower year-over-year manufacturing expenses and segment SG&A expense.
Finally, despite considerable external challenges in the quarter, RIPS continued to demonstrate improved EBITDA. On a trailing four quarter basis, the Rigid Industrial Packaging business is already delivering profits well within their fiscal 2022 commitment range.
I’d ask that you please turn to Slide 5. I’d like to spend a moment to discuss what we are currently seeing in the market. The weak volumes in Q3 were anticipated and communicated during our second quarter call, but we believe the worst is behind us as our year-over-year steel drum volume comparisons improved throughout the quarter after bottoming in May. That said, the pace of improvement is somewhat slower than what we had anticipated in Q2.
This slide highlights major end market progression for our largest RIPS substrates which is steel drums. And broadly speaking, we continue to see positive demand for food, flavors, and fragrances during the quarter. There is improving demand for chemicals as the auto manufacturing is returning, but we continue to experience softness in industrial paints, coatings, and lubricants.
I’d ask you to please turn to Slide 6. The Flexible Products segment third quarter sales fell roughly 5% versus the prior year quarter on a currency neutral basis due to soft demand, raw material price declines, and corresponding contractual pricing adjustments. Third quarter adjusted EBITDA was roughly flat for the prior year, despite the slower sales. Thanks to strong cost control resulting in lower SG&A segment expense.
I’d ask you to turn to Slide 7. Paper Packaging’s third quarter sales fell by roughly $70 million versus the prior year quarter, primarily due to lower published containerboard and boxboard prices and the divestiture of our Consumer Packaging Group. We took 10,000 tons of containerboard economic downtime early in Q3, but none in July or thus far in August.
Paper Packaging’s third quarter adjusted EBITDA fell by roughly $39 million versus the prior year, largely due to product mix and a significant $37 million price cost squeeze. The team also demonstrated strong cost control management and offset some of the headwind through lower manufacturing and SG&A expense versus the prior year.
If I could ask you to please turn to Slide 8 to give you some color on what we’re seeing in the PPS markets. Volume in our CorrChoice corrugated sheet feeder network improved by 4% versus the prior year quarter. Volumes have progressively strengthened since May due to improving demand in durables and a recovery in the auto supply chain and solid e-commerce growth.
In our tube and core business, fiscal third quarter volumes were down 10% versus the prior year but showed progressive improvement in the quarter and was down 4% in July. We continue to see some demand weaknesses most pronounced in non-containerboard paper mill segments and textile end market segments. Film and construction market demand continues to remain positive.
I’d like to now turn the presentation over to our Chief Financial Officer, Larry Hilsheimer.
Larry Hilsheimer
Thank you, Pete, and good morning everyone. I’ll start by reiterating Pete’s comments and thank the global Greif team for their continued dedication during this COVID-19 crisis. The team’s professionalism has been remarkable given all of the external distractions, and we greatly appreciate their efforts.
Slide 9 highlights our quarterly financial performance. Our third quarter was very challenging as expected. However, we generated solid free cash flow and paid down debt as promised. Third quarter net sales excluding the impact of foreign exchange fell roughly 12% year over year due to lower volumes, lower selling prices, and the divestiture of the Consumer Packaging Group. Adjusted EBITDA fell by roughly 22% with the bulk of the detriment driven by the EBITDA reduction in our paper business that Pete described.
All segments achieved reductions in SG&A expense. Below the operating profit line, interest expense fell by roughly $5 million. Our GAAP tax rate during the quarter was roughly 22% while our non-GAAP tax rate was roughly 23%. We expect our non-GAAP rate to range between 26% and 29% for fiscal 2020.
Our bottom-line adjusted Class A earnings per share fell to $0.85 per share. We recorded roughly $16 million of non-cash impairment charges in the quarter of which roughly $11 million relates to the closure of the Mobile Mill announced at Q2. We also recorded roughly $19 million in restructuring expense, including roughly $9 million to exit a multi-employer pension plan as a result of plant consolidation within our RIPS business. We view this planned exit as a positive development as it prevents exposure to probable increased obligations in the future.
Finally, despite lower profits, third quarter adjusted free cash flow held roughly flat at $107 million versus the prior year quarter, thanks to $7 million of lower CapEx and stronger working capital performance.
Please turn to Slide 10. Given our solid operating performance and better line of sight into customer demand and only two remaining months in fiscal 2020, we are reintroducing our adjusted Class A earnings per share and adjusted free cash flow guidance for this year. We are also providing the key fiscal 2020 assumptions you see listed on Slide 10 to assist with modeling.
We expect to generate between $3 and $3.20 per share for fiscal 2020, which implies roughly $0.66 per share in fiscal Q4. Profits are anticipated to be lower sequentially from the fiscal third to fourth quarter due to normal business seasonality, higher SG&A due to the incentive releases that benefited the third quarter, less opportunistic sourcing cost benefits which we do not forecast, softer sales in our high margin filling business in the U.S. and a sequentially higher non-GAAP tax rate in the fourth quarter.
We also assume OCC cost of $61a ton in Q4. More importantly, and in line with our financial priorities, we expect to deliver between $260 million and $290 million in adjusted free cash flow for fiscal 2020. We assume CapEx to range between $120 million and $140 million for working capital to be a source of cash and for cash taxes to range between $75 million and $80 million.
We will reevaluate our guidance practices again at the end of the fiscal year to align to our visibility and to customer ordering patterns, but let me emphasize, we have no plans to move to a regular habit of providing quarterly guidance.
Please turn to Slide 11. Our capital allocation priorities are unchanged and are outlined on this slide. They are funding organic CapEx, delevering our balance sheet, maintaining steady dividends, and pursuing our strategic growth priorities in IBCs, IBC reconditioning and containerboard integration. Our balance sheet is extremely solid with roughly $523 million of available liquidity, including $99 million of cash.
Our only near term debt maturities are senior notes due midway through 2021 with a principal $200 million euro. At quarter end, despite substantial COVID recession negative impact to EBITDA, our compliance leverage ratio stood at roughly 3.72 times, well below our debt covenant of 4.5 due to our success in paying down debt.
With that, I’ll turn the call back to Pete for his closing comments before our Q&A.
Peter Watson
Turning to Slide 12, in closing I just want to thank our 16,000 colleagues again for their commitment to Greif and to our customers. Our diverse global team is highly engaged and is providing differentiated service to our customers. With our industry-leading product portfolio we are well positioned to serve a variety of attractive markets around the world as businesses reopened. Through sharp focus on cost control and operating discipline, given by the Greif business symptoms we are generating solid cash flow despite considerable external headwinds and our balance sheet is in great shape.
Thank you for participating this morning and we appreciate your interest in Greif. Jack, if you could please open the line for questions.
Question-and-Answer Session
Operator
Certainly. [Operator Instructions] George Staphos with Bank of America, your line is open.
George Staphos
Hi everyone, good morning. Thanks for all the details. Hope you’re doing well. Hey, I wanted to dig in a little bit into cash flow in my first question. So recognizing this is an unprecedented time as you put it, the free cash flow guidance range for fiscal 4Q is fairly wide by $30 million. I was wondering what the swing factors are there, why it is particularly wide given there’s only a couple of months left to go?
And then if you could remind us, CapEx is down I think year-on-year in the fourth quarter, yet the free cash flow guide 4Q versus 4Q last year is down $90 million. Again, what are the key drivers here that I might be forgetting about in terms of why you’d be pleased with that outcome?
Larry Hilsheimer
Yes, thank you, George. So, in terms of the range of cash flow, let me do the last one first. I mean, clearly we have done an extremely good job of generating cash in the last 12 months. If you look at the trailing 12 months, we’ve produced $322 million of free cash flow. So, a lot of those activities began some time ago when we saw the benefits of those fallout in last year’s Q4. But because of the production of cash through the early parts of this year, there is generally just less to generate in the last period of the year.
We really had phenomenal performance in working capital management in the fourth quarter of last year. We’ve become much more consistent in that, but we enhanced our performance again in the third quarter of this year as we have every quarter, and so it just has evened it out a bit more. But if I look at the range for the last quarter, there’s couple of things going into that George.
We are expecting to complete the number of CapEx projects, but we’ve run into difficulties frankly in having suppliers get us equipment that’s ordered, those kinds of things. And obviously, we are not going to pay for it until we get it. So, there is some flexibility in that range for that. And the other is just where are we going to end up on working capital during the fourth quarter. So, we’ve built relatively wide range in for basically those two.
The other thing that can fluctuate a bit is we’ve got a number of closures to tax exempts that is what ended up helping us have a substantially lower tax rate in the third quarter. A number of those are ongoing. Some of those could close, you could end up needing to make payments or not. And so, those three factors; the CapEx, Volatility, the working capital volatility, and the tax timing on payments are the reason for the wider range in that fourth quarter guidance, George.
George Staphos
Larry, that’s great, very, very clear. And my other question, I’ll turn it over. Can you — you gave us a little bit of color in terms of what you’re seeing out of CorrChoice. Can you talk at all about what you’re seeing in terms of the corrugated markets, the containerboard markets? August, how far is your order book stretching, any kind of qualitative commentary would be great? Thank you. I’ll turn it over.
Peter Watson
Sure George, this is Pete. Thanks for the questions. So, as you know, our CorrChoice business was corrugated sheet feeder, so visibility in the backlogs is virtually 24 days, but I will tell you our demand in August is very strong with double-digit growth versus prior year. So, similar to the evolution we saw in July, and our containerboard system is very solid, and demand is very good, and I can’t predict what will happen in the future, but it appears to be very solid.
Our exposure in the end markets are around durables, predominantly because we serve independent box makers whose customers – their customer demand is very strong and we also have some exposure to e-commerce. And so, at this point, while we struggled in that business at the beginning of the COVID health pandemic, the business has responded very well, and our containerboard corrugated system is very strong and healthy at this point.
George Staphos
Thank you, Pete.
Peter Watson
Yes, thank you, George.
Operator
Gabe Hajde with Wells Fargo, your line is open.
Gabe Hajde
Good morning, Pete, Larry, Matt. Hope you guys are all doing well.
Peter Watson
Yes, thanks, Gabe.
Gabe Hajde
Pete, maybe I’m trying to understand and maybe if you can help Larry on some of the comments that you’re making in containerboard and I appreciate your customer set is different, but I feel like some of the end markets are somewhat similar, and is it possible that we could see an acceleration in demand across your RIPS segments where you are seeing weakness now? You talked about from chemicals, coatings, and lubes, and more specifically thinking about automotive and perhaps it’s just a function of where things are in the supply chain, any visibility or thoughts there?
Peter Watson
Yes, so our end markets are really entirely different between our RIPS business and our corrugated business, predominantly CorrChoice and again it’s durables. We have exposure to e-commerce, some food, but we also, some of that strength in CorrChoice is related to our new sheet feeder in Pennsylvania, so that helps it. And then in the auto industry, those two businesses, so CorrChoice really serves customers who supply Tier 1, 2, and 3 parts supply.
Our RIPS business supplies customers whose products go into manufacturing one or two product streams down component parts inside a car. So again, the context and the touchpoints to that segment are slightly different. And the auto supply chain comes earlier and then the resulting impact to RIPS would come a little later.
Larry Hilsheimer
Yes, Gabe. Let me add a couple of things. One is, lube is a big business for us. A lot of that is automotive use and mileage is down because of commuting going away. Now you are seeing some pick up as people drive to vacations instead of flying. But net-net mileage is down and particularly in the U.S. The other thing I’d point out is industrial production in the U.S. and capacity utilization, the Federal Reserve just published some statistics.
And if you look at your average production utilization from 72 through 19 was at 78%. In April we were at 60%, May 62%, June 66% and in July 69%. When machines aren’t running they don’t need lubricants. So the recovery is not coming back as rapidly as Pete and I thought it might when we talked in Q2. It is coming back gradually, but we need machines running to need lubricants to create demand. We think it is coming. We’re seeing stuff, but it is not there yet.
Gabe Hajde
Thank you, guys. And then I guess on the PPS side, I didn’t see the slide that you normally put in about energy utilization. I’m assuming that’s still on track, but if you can kind of provide any commentary there?
Larry Hilsheimer
Yes, we still are Gabe. I mean, if we were just, point in time looking at it, it is down slightly, but still $70 million down slightly only because some of them are volume oriented. You know in the URB, CRB business being down, so a little bit down, but we believe as the economy comes back that number, those that are down by capacity and utilization will go back up, but still over $70 million and well on track.
Gabe Hajde
Thank you.
Operator
Ghansham Panjabi with Baird, your line is open.
Ghansham Panjabi
Hey guys, good morning. You know, Pete in your prepared comments you were talking about the RIPS pace of improvement being a little bit slower and I think Larry you just mentioned that as well. Can you just give us more color on that by region, just how do you see this kind of shaking out because China was up 6% in the quarter and obviously, they’ve recovered nicely from that initial dislocation. I’m just curious as to how you’re seeing that same trajectory in Europe, and also the U.S.?
Peter Watson
Thanks, Ghansham. So we see the improvement in our global RIPS business quite frankly similar and FPS, the demand conditions are tracking on a very similar path to the geographic related improvements to COVID-19 health, meaning China obviously has recovered faster and COVID and they’re our strongest region. We see in EMEA it is improving overall, but we’re still down high single digits first prior year, and our volumes there, that’s a mixed scenario because of some more complex regions.
So, the Middle East volumes were very strong, but Central Europe and Western Europe, which is the predominantly highest volume components in that geographic sector are weaker because of chemical lubricant demand, but we are seeing moderate improvement and conditions through the quarter. And then the weakest is North American and South America and again it mirrors the transition of the health pandemic. And we still see that as being the weakest demand in our global portfolio during Q3.
Just to give you a little color in August, our global steel drum volumes are improving versus July, they’re still mid single digit declines versus prior year. And our IBC growth is normalizing, so we had a little lower quarter than normal, but we’re showing double-digit improvements in August which kind of normalizes the path we’re on versus prior year.
Ghansham Panjabi
Okay, great. And just as a follow up to that for 4Q specifically, looking at rental [ph], what are you modeling from a volume standpoint? And then also for PPS, is it reasonable to expect a similar price cuts headwind in 4Q as you saw in 3Q? Thanks so much.
Peter Watson
So our volumes to the forecast really crossed all of our portfolio. As we see volumes just slightly improved versus July, and the July volumes were highlighted in the deck. And in regard to the price cost squeeze, I’ll let Larry talk through the bridge what we see from Q3 to where we are, what we expect in Q4.
Larry Hilsheimer
Yes, Ghansham. You know clearly we had that unprecedented spike, unprecedented in terms of cause, spike in OCC in Q3 because of the shutdown to the retail sector and restaurant sector in the U.S., as well as a lot of industrial. So the supply side was squeezed. Well, as you know the demand side was up because of the pantry stuffings. And so the OCC cost shot up, and that with what we felt was unwarranted non-recognition by receipt [ph] of the price increases created basically $36 million year-over-year price cost squeeze.
Naturally, if you step back and look at that we were $44 million down on EBITDA year-over-year with $36 million of the set price costs squeeze, missing a year ago by $8 million in an economic situation like this, we’re quite proud of our team to be quite frank. But, in the fourth quarter we’re predicting 61 on our OCC, so we don’t see the same year over year price squeeze there, which is actually, a lift of roughly $15 million on the year-over-year relative to the third quarter sequential improvement over the third quarter, from where we were in the fourth quarter. Gosh, I’m just add to Larry’s comments and from that you know, I think OCC last year in quarter four of 2019 was about $30 bucks a ton. So you know, relative to the 61 that we’re expecting in the fourth quarter of this year that will certainly be a headwind.
Ghansham Panjabi
Okay, great. Thanks so much.
Peter Watson
Yes.
Larry Hilsheimer
Thanks Ghansham.
Operator
[Operator Instructions] Mark Wilde with Bank of Montreal, your line is open.
Mark Wilde
Thanks. Good morning Pete, good morning Larry. I really appreciated that kind of crisp walkthrough at the start. For my first question, I wondered with this hurricane hitting down on the Gulf Coast today, if you can just talk about potential fallout from that what you’ve seen in kind of past hurricanes down there, thinking mainly about the RIPS business, but if you could also address sort of any kind of potential fallout on your land holdings down there.
Peter Watson
Yes, thanks Mark. So in that Gulf Coast region just to give you some perspective, we have 10 manufacturing operations that generate roughly $200 million of revenue in the Gulf Coast. As of 8:30 this morning all of those operations are secure and safe and as majority those operations are in the Houston metro area, which thankfully the storm bypassed. But our biggest concern is our thoughts and prayers with all of our colleagues and their families in the region, hope they’re safe and healthy.
We don’t have viewed of that yet, but our thoughts are with them. And I think the impacts going forward really are the extent of the damage to our customers operations, and we don’t have clarity on that, but there are certainly some large paper mills that we supply cores in a variety of products too. There’s a lot of petrochemical companies in that region that we supply RIPS products too, so again, that will certainly be an impact.
We have no idea what the extent of that damage will be today. And they’re also — we always expect a disruption in the supply chain on a short term. It really impacts our supply — resin suppliers who are located there. Not all of our suppliers are in that region, but some of them and we’ll certainly see some transportation disruption for short term.
So regarding our land management holdings, we obviously do have some holdings in Louisiana and at this point it’s too early to determine what impact that had. But I think we’re very fortunate that the majority of our cluster of operations in Houston were spared, but again what that does to our customers is undetermined at this time.
Larry Hilsheimer
Yes and the only thing I’d supplement just to in trying to put out a guidance range, obviously it is very early, but looking back at prior storms and stuff, we basically set aside from 1 to 3 cents a share, as a potential impact. And that’s just a — that was just our best estimate based on prior experiences.
Mark Wilde
Okay that’s excellent Larry. That’s exactly what I was looking for. As my follow on I just wondered Pete, if you can give us some sense in CorrChoice, what the cumulative impact is on the startup of the sheet feeder in Pennsylvania? And then I think you guys put in bulk packaging plant into Kentucky not long ago, so I’m just curious about how both of those ramp ups are going and then what they add on a year-over-year basis to CorrChoice?
Peter Watson
Yes, so the triple wall bulk plant in Louisville has been there for a while. We just added capacity to that business, and some of the e-commerce lift have come from that facility. And the business is doing quite well serving Ag customers, industrial customers, some direct to Ag markets, and some through the independent integrated box systems. The Palmyra sheet feeder is progressing well, ramping up volume, a little slower than we anticipated due to COVID, but it’s responding very, very well.
When you look at the uptick in July, and in August, I think you’ll see our base business is up probably 4%, and the remainder of that double-digit growth is the addition of Palmyra. So again we’re real pleased with how that’s progressing. It’s getting good response from customers in that market and will be at a good path for that business.
Mark Wilde
Okay, very good. I’ll turn it over.
Peter Watson
Yes, thank you.
Operator
Adam Josephson with KeyBanc, your line is open.
Adam Josephson
Pete and Larry good morning, hope you your families are well.
Peter Watson
Hey, Adam.
Larry Hilsheimer
Thanks, Adam.
Adam Josephson
Larry, just on your — thanks for your 4Q commentary. I just wanted to dig in a bit to it. So you mentioned higher SG&A sequentially. I think if incentive comp comes back, and SG&A year-to-date has gone from $135 million at the start of the year down to $120 million and I’m just wondering what exactly you’re expecting in terms of SG&A costs in the fourth quarter and then what you think a sustainable quarterly level as given the degree of the declines year-over-year in fiscal 2 Q and 3Q?
And then you mentioned I think you had $5 million of opportunistic sourcing benefits in 3Q. I forget what that number was in 2Q, I know you said you are not expecting more in 4Q, but do you think it’s possible you’ll get more opportunistic sourcing benefits in 4Q and just how are you thinking about the sustainability of that benefit in the RIPS business?
Larry Hilsheimer
Sure. Let me take the sourcing first Adam. Yes, could we get more? Certainly. And we challenge our sourcing teams do it all the time. We just don’t put it in the forecast. I mean, we had roughly $11 million in the — it was $11 million in 2Q, $7 million in 2Q and $5.5 million in Q3. So, that $5.5 million by not putting it into the fourth quarter, it’s about $0.06 a share kind of thing. In SG&A, it is a combination of when we completed our forecast for the remainder of the year, looking at the numbers, we knew the impact on incentives.
And so, we made a bunch of incentive adjustments in this — in the third quarter that won’t repeat in the fourth quarter, because obviously, if we hit our forecast, we’ve already made the adjustments to a great degree. So it’s that. It also is, we had some ERP non-capitalizable costs that were delayed. COVID has required us to slow down. We can’t travel quite as much. We’re starting to open that up and catch up.
We want to try to get those things done. So we can leverage that into savings and insights. So there’s some of that costs going in and then the other is professional fees, both related to that. And actually some tax planning things we’ve got going on, that we think will benefit us in the future that relate to some regulations that were just issued and some other transactions that we’re doing, along with some other professional fees that have been deferred.
Some of those are also travel related things that could not happen and had been pushed off. So all told, we’re expecting SG&A to be about $11.5 million higher in the fourth quarter roughly, and so, about $0.14 a share kind of swing there. Since that basically let me just walk from third quarter to fourth quarter, since we’re going through that I might as well just do that. Say our third quarter at $0.85 a share. I mentioned 1 to 3 on the hurricane, that’s a drop there.
We also have the SG&A is about $0.14, sourcing is about $0.06. Going the other way the OCC $0.15 pick up over the last quarter. Then tax is about $0.09 a share roughly because the — we ended up settling a lot of exams, really hashing through and looking at a lot of the reserves we set up for various tax positions over the years and the settlement positions that we had that ended up freeing up about what equates to about a 9%, $0.09 per share differential between Q3 and Q4.
So a little bit of that, the good quarterly results, at least we thought it was good for Q3 related to this tax pick up. The other item is a little bit more complex, but it has to do with the success in CorrChoice and CorrChoice ran hard as Pete mentioned through July that drove inventories down. We obviously have a mill system, we then sell into CorrChoice.
Oftentimes they’re holding paper inventory that they have for production needs. What happens is there’s intercompany profit tied up in that. The mill profit gets tied up in the inventory held in the CorrChoice system. When it gets sold out, that’s recognized. And so, you have an intercompany profit that is generally tied up.
The other thing that causes some of that to free up is margin squeeze. Well margins got squeezed. The combination of reduced inventories and margin squeezing CorrChoice actually freed up about $6.7 million of profit in the third quarter that maybe usually would have been tied up in ending inventory. In the fourth quarter that will reverse. We’ll probably end up we think with about $1.1 million of profit tied up in inventory more than where we are now.
So you basically have $7.8 million swing in profitability between the quarters for that item, which is about $0.09. If you take all those items together, it’s about $0.25, it would take it down to 60. Our midpoint on the guidance is 66, so 10% improvement quarter-over-quarter in just operations, and then the range around it is, could be 10 or plus 10 on that just because of the uncertainty of what, how quickly things will recover in the industrial side of things. So hopefully that’s helpful clarity.
Adam Josephson
Yes, and I really appreciate that Larry, thank you. And then, can you just one geographic question, specifically North America, and correct me if I’m wrong, but it sounds like at the moment CorrChoice is the standout and then Tubes and Cores and Rigid, specifically steel drums are operating considerably lower demand levels than CorrChoice in North America. Can you just talk about what you’ve seen fiscal year-to-date in North America specifically and why you think the demand trends have diverged among your businesses to the extent they have, and if you expect those divergences to continue or reverse for whatever reason?
Peter Watson
Yes, so it really depends on the end market exposure for each of those three businesses. And as I have said, in CorrChoice, we have heavy influence in durables, and e-commerce and we’re aligned to a lot of independent box customers whose demand is very strong. They have some access to a broader market, end market exposure and we also supply integrated customers as their business gets better.
So when you look at Tube and Core our RIPS business, the end market exposures are entirely different. They’re tied a little bit more to some segments that are struggling. When you look at the big influence in North American and RIPS, you look at bulk and specialty chemicals, their challenged and industrial paints and coatings and lubricants, where we have no exposure in CorrChoice or corrugated are very, very weak now.
And in Tube and Core, the exposure again is different. As I said, we sell the paper mills cores, and the non-containerboard paper mill cores are weak, and we had pretty heavy exposure to textile related end segments and they’ve been hurt by this COVID. They’ve reopened, but they’re still at a pace considerably weaker then the past. So again, totally different end segments and totally different go-to-market approaches, so a lot of times you might see CorrChoice being a little weaker than the others and it really reflects their end market segments.
Going forward, again we see incremental improvement from July and while Tube and Core is down, it’s still down less than July and we expect a low single digit growth, excuse me a decline of low single digit growth in Tube and Core. And at this point, we expect our RIPS business in North America to be very weak in what we can see through our fourth quarter.
Adam Josephson
Thanks so much, Pete.
Peter Watson
Yes, thank you.
Operator
Steven Chercover with D.A. Davidson, your line is open.
Steven Chercover
Thanks, good morning. I was a little slow with the start one today, but good morning. I just wanted to try and bracket segments a little more for the fourth quarter and looking at it from an EBITDA basis. So it looks like consolidated you’ll be down $15 million to $20 million sequentially. And in paper, you’ve got less downtime at least on the corrugated side and about a $15 million headwind or tailwind from OCC. And then in RIPS, you’ve got that $5 million non-repeat. So should paper be up and then RIPS is really where things are weaker than anticipated and I recognize Pete just said North America will be weak?
Larry Hilsheimer
Yes, we’ve got that intercompany profit swing that I mentioned on the paper side as well, Steve, so you got $7.8 million decrement going from Q3 to Q4. But yes, we do anticipate that being a challenge. On SG&A, the — about half of that is in the Rigid segment and half of it is in corporate costs, so you’ll have that impact there. And then the sourcing obviously comes out the $5.5 million on a relative basis. So and then you’ve got the OCC benefit, though in PPS. So those are the elements of the trend in EBITDA. I hope that’s helpful.
Steven Chercover
Yes, that helps kind of narrows the gap a wee bit. And then, Pete made a point of indicating that RIPS is already at the EBITDA run rate in line with your 2022 commitments. And if I’m right, paper is about $100 million to $150 million off, so what are the levers that you intend to pull that will help you close the gap over the next couple of years?
Larry Hilsheimer
Yes, I think the biggest thing is, Steve is yes, economic recovery. I mean, clearly, a lot of our end segments are dramatically impacted by, an economic impact that is worse than anything since the great depression. I mean, when you look at the GDP declines, they’re unprecedented in that timeframe of the last 80, 90 years. So, industrial production statistics that I mentioned in the U.S. are dramatically off.
Obviously, our hope and I think everybody’s hope is that by the time we get to 2022, that’s in the rearview mirror by quite a way. And if it is, and we can recover even back to the sort of lukewarm economy that we had before, I mean, it seems like a long time ago now, but our Investor Day in 2019, I stood up on the stage and said, we’re in an industrial recession. And we were, and the statistics I quoted earlier, I mean, even February of this year was way below the average of the last 40 years of industrial production. So, if we get back to that, we have no concerns about hitting our commitments.
If you look at the underlying assumptions, it will update all this in December, but you have OCC is right about where we had it in the assumptions, pricing on paper is down somewhat, but we expect our RIPS business and we’d talked about it the benefit of this portfolio companies all the time, obviously, we’re already hitting their targets. We expect them to be better and we expect full realization of the synergies that we’ve identified in the paper business. So I’ll tell you that we are extremely confident of hitting those commitments, and we’re very confident of paying down the debt and getting back into our 2 to 2.5 times range and we don’t think it’s a stretch.
Steven Chercover
Okay, and I’ll be a bit of a pig and ask — trying and get one more and you guys made a really good kind of presentation on OCC at your 2019 Investor Day. Do you think that the long-term price for OCC is going to go back kind of those to the $30 to $50 range?
Larry Hilsheimer
I think we’ve been pretty consistent Steve in saying that we think the longer term range is relatively about where it is now. And the range that we gave at Investor Day I think was 35 to 75 on our commitments. We think that’s the sweet spot risk is actually projecting it to go up. I don’t, we don’t feel that way into next year. I mean, we think that supply side is picking up. Obviously, China is back up. Some of that demand is going to go elsewhere, but we think that that forecast of what we thought then is — remains a good one.
Steven Chercover
Okay, thanks, guys. Stay safe.
Peter Watson
Yes, thanks Steve.
Operator
George Staphos with Bank of America. Your line is open.
George Staphos
Hi, everyone. Pete, Larry maybe an unfair question, but you must have some view on this. So if you take a step back and assume the fourth quarter plays out more or less as you expect, and we are again, a little bit of swag here, but or wiggle room I should say, let’s say things in fiscal 2021 are relatively normal, what do you think COVID took out of your EBIT or EBITDA in fiscal 2020? Do you have any sort of approximation of what kind of hold that created that will come back to you over the next couple of years, kind of a similar plan what you see there?
Larry Hilsheimer
Based on our forecast, George I mean, yes, we again identified in the third quarter was $24 million bucks. Okay? Is 33 million of lost business and about $9 million tailwind from various subsidies, lower travel costs, and all that kind of thing. Looking at where we’re forecasting for the year, you’ve got a couple of things. We had the OCC price cost squeeze impact to us that’s roughly going to be say about $50 million for the year by the price and OCC and everything for the quarter and that’s a rough number. It might be a little less than that.
But then on an overall basis, relative to where we thought we’d be, I think COVID impact for this year would be another $50 million on top of that. So roughly ending up maybe $100 million less than where we thought we’d be. What now we built some of that price cost squeeze in, but roughly we’d end up with $100 million less than where we would have predicted at the beginning of the year.
George Staphos
All right, Larry, I appreciate that. And, this is probably more of a question for the next Analyst Day, whenever you do that. So you can keep your comments brief here, but what have you learned about the portfolio over this last three quarters now heading into the fourth quarter, you know, to finish up the year? And the interrelationship and how complimentary the businesses are, and perhaps maybe things you’ve learned about they’re not as complimentary as you would have expected through what’s been a very stressful period. How do you look at the portfolio now and whether it makes more sense or less sense having gone through COVID? Thanks, guys, and good luck in the quarter.
Peter Watson
Yes, I think George, we found that we have a very resilient global supply chain dependent or centered on regional supply. So I think that’s supporting what we’ve done over the past three years and it played well for us in the COVID. And I think our balanced portfolio globally has demonstrated that in normal times it is a good portfolio, it’s balanced and it’s our ability to serve our customers in a variety of substrates while it’s short-term challenge, I think helps us in the future.
Larry Hilsheimer
Yes, and I think, George a couple of things. One, we’ve seen more and more alignment between our flexible business in our Rigid segment in terms of the end market customers we serve. We continue to leverage that more and more and then the other part is relative to Caraustar acquisition. This time of working through this crisis has made us nothing but stronger about our resolve that it was a good acquisition. The leverage that we’re getting off of utilizing the skill sets of our mill management team across the entire portfolio is really paying benefits for us.
I mean, we can’t control the economy and the end market demands, but what we can control we are controlling. And we’re doing a lot of things to really take cost out of the organization, sort of back to that adage of don’t let a good crisis get wasted. It’s refined our view. It’s caused us to really focus. It’s caused us to strengthen and modify our footprint and leverage the assets that we have. So we’re very, very comfortable with the portfolio at this point.
George Staphos
I appreciate the thoughts. Take care, guys.
Peter Watson
You too.
Operator
Gabe Hajde with Wells Fargo, your line is open.
Gabe Hajde
Thanks for taking the follow up. I’m curious, in the URB mill system, are you guys taking any kind of particular downtime or more precedent than any other quarter? And how would you kind of characterize your individual supply demand as it sits today and perhaps more particularly where your inventory position is?
Peter Watson
So thoughts to recycle box for mills, we run the demand and it’s very similar to what we’ve had before. While we have a little lower demand in our Tube and Core business, we offset that with volume from non-Tube and Core business. And again, our inventory position is that we manage our inventories and our working capital very stringently, and we tend not to try to, in slower demand times, run upper inventories, because we just don’t think that’s the best way to operate, run the demand and manage our working capital very, very effectively.
Gabe Hajde
Thank you, Pete. And maybe, Larry, if you could, I appreciate it. It’s pretty vulnerable right now. But there’s some, fairly sizable price increases that have gone through on the resins side. And, assuming there’s some sort of normal industrial markets kind of in fiscal 2021, can you maybe tell us what you’re expecting working capital to be on an aggregate basis as a benefit to cash flow this year? And then perhaps what the reversal could look like next year?
Larry Hilsheimer
Yes, I mean, yes thanks, Gabe. We anticipate that, year-over-year, our benefit of working capital is roughly in the, $60 million to $70 million range of a benefit over year-over-year. We’ll tend to run up a little bit of working capital in the first quarter of the year, but then we fully anticipate that in 2021 we should be able to again manage working capital well, and it should be a nominal either increase or decrease year-over-year. Although we do believe in certain areas of our business that we have opportunities to improve our working capital even further.
The Caraustar business has improved dramatically. We still believe there’s room there and we believe there’s room in our flexible business and also in some of our operations, particularly in EMEA in RIPS, but we’re not talking huge numbers, but there are opportunities there that could allow us to drive improvement again next year, even more than what we had this year.
Gabe Hajde
Thanks for that. Good luck.
Operator
Mark Wilde with Bank of Montreal, your line is open.
Mark Wilde
Alright, I’ve got three just real quick ones. First Pete, I wondered, looking in the back of the slide deck, there’s a 31.4% drop and what you’re calling kind of non-primary product revenues in the quarter. What exactly was the big driver in the drop in those non-primary products?
Peter Watson
That’s predominantly small water bottles, small plastics, a small part of our portfolio.
Mark Wilde
Okay. The second one is, can you give us some just general sense about the sort of the transition strategy for the CRB business as the graphic contracts will fall away over time?
Peter Watson
Yes, so as we talked about, on the divestiture, we have an agreement for one mill for two and a half years and the other two mills for five years, so the transition is going very well. Graphic is a very good customer of ours not only in paper but other products. We feel really good about our position as an independent supplier of CRB to the independent folding carton community. So we made the right decision. We’re really happy. I think it puts that the consumer products business in the hands of more strategic partner and we’re real pleased with how we’re operating our CRB mills and our position in the market at this point.
Mark Wilde
You did not lose contracts, just not to get too far into the weeds here, but did they just drop off or did they kind of step down over time?
Peter Watson
They dropped off. One is two and a half years and two mills are five years on a similar volume basis on when we stepped off from the divestiture.
Larry Hilsheimer
Yes, the thing I would say Mark is that’s when the contractual obligation and is now when does the actual relationship and is maybe a different question. We’re, our business with Graphic has only increased, so and beyond what they’re obligated to. So it’s a good relationship.
Peter Watson
There’s a lot of synergies beyond just the paper, we serve them many, many other products.
Mark Wilde
Okay, all right. That’s not hard to imagine. The last one, I’m just curious, there are awful lot of printing and writing paper mills that, are looking for new products, maybe new owners, and I’m just wondering whether there might be any opportunity for Greif to look at taking on one of those mills at a point and potentially ending up with a lower cost structure, or a better kind of product quality, product mix coming off of a reconfigured printing and writing paper mill versus maybe some of what you’re operating right now?
Peter Watson
Yes, so we’re never going to comment on hypothetical future situations, but our whole focus as this, as new mills come on stream is to focus on how do we further integrate the existing capacity we have in our mill system or converting operations and we think that’s the key to drive in the most value and we’re not interested in getting more containerboard capacity. We’re interested in creating a position where we have a one-to-one ratio of tons between converting and mill output.
Mark Wilde
Okay, fair enough. Good luck in the fourth quarter.
Peter Watson
Thank you.
Larry Hilsheimer
Thanks.
Operator
And today’s last question comes from the line of Adam Josephson with KeyBanc. Your line is open.
Adam Josephson
Thanks, guys for taking two follow ups. One on Tubes and Cores, I’m just wondering what you think long run demand trends are in that business? Just given what we know, are the secular declines in paper demand and the pressure on the textile market? I mean do you think that’s a flat business long-term, slowly declining business? I’m just wondering what your view of long run demand there is.
Peter Watson
Yes, we think it’s a GDP plus business. I think we’ve seen an unprecedented market that’s impacted negatively some of the segments, but we’ve got a very creative sales group that provide a lot of different product development opportunities who are looking on, so it’s a much broader end use market. And we’re focused on how to provide different innovative product solutions. So it’s a really talented group. And right now it’s challenged, but we think it’s a low single digit growth business that can drive a lot of margin and value through our integrated system in that recycle boxboard business.
Adam Josephson
Right, thanks Pete and Larry, just one question on guidance. You mentioned that at your Analyst Day in 2019 you talked about an industrial recession and of course, this year is COVID. We have no idea what next year will bring. Obviously, you said you have no control over economic conditions. So along those lines, what do you, what is your thought about giving guidance, both short-term and longer term in light of the fact that, as you said, you have no control over economic conditions as a result of which you can end up having to revise guidance or pull guidance, depending on those economic conditions, but just wondering what you think the benefits are of giving both short and long-term guidance versus perhaps not doing it?
Larry Hilsheimer
Yes, I think it’s a fair question. And you could always go to a period where you just don’t give any guidance. I mean, obviously, some people opt to do that. We’ve opted generally to try to give annual guidance to try to hold ourselves accountable, and be as transparent as we can and that’s, that’s where I would anticipate us getting back to, presuming that things are at a point where you have some level of confidence when we get to December. Is that going to happen? I don’t know.
We will have to assess it then. I think, yes, there’s the prospect of you see a second wave as the temperatures cool and all that kind of thing. And if that occurs, sort of all bets will probably be off. If a vaccine gets developed more quickly and there’s a path to when it could be dispensed widely that could influence things. So very, very hard to predict where it will be. But I think over time we get the pandemic behind us, I think we’d feel comfortable again moving back to annual guidance.
Adam Josephson
Thanks so much, Larry and best of luck.
Larry Hilsheimer
Thanks.
Operator
I will now turn the call back over to Matt Eichmann for final remarks.
Matt Eichmann
Thanks a lot, Jack. And thank you, everybody for joining us this morning. We appreciate your interest in Greif. We hope you have a great remainder of the week and a good weekend ahead. Thank you.
Operator
This concludes today’s call. We thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect.
The Review Committee will advise whether any amendments to the International Health Regulations (IHR) are necessary to ensure it is as effective as possible, WHO Director General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus told journalists.
He said the COVID-19 pandemic has been “an acid test” for many countries, organizations and the treaty.
“Even before the pandemic, I have spoken about how emergencies such as the Ebola outbreak in eastern DRC (the Democratic Republic of the Congo) have demonstrated that some elements of the IHR may need review, including the binary nature of the mechanism for declaring a public health emergency of international concern,” said Mr. Tedros.
It is expected that the committee will present a progress report to the World Health Assembly, WHO’s decision-making body, at its resumed session in November.
The Assembly comprises delegations from WHO’s 194 member States who meet annually in May. A truncated virtual session was held this year due to the pandemic.
The committee will present its full report to the Assembly in 2021.
Committed to ending COVID-19
The IHR was first adopted in 1969 and is legally-binding on 196 countries, including all WHO Member States. It was last revised in 2005.
The treaty outlines rights and obligations for countries, including the requirement to report public health events, as well as the criteria to determine whether or not a particular event constitutes a “public health emergency of international concern”.
Mr. Tedros underscored WHO’s commitment to ending the pandemic, “and to working with all countries to learn from it, and to ensure that together we build the healthier, safer, fairer world that we want.”
Invest in mental health
WHO is also shining light on the pandemic’s impact on mental health at a time when services have suffered disruptions.
For example, Mr. Tedros said lack of social interaction has affected many people, while others have experienced anxiety and fear. Meanwhile, some mental health facilities have been closed and converted to COVID-19 treatment facilities.
Globally, close to one billion people are living with a mental disorder. In low- and middle-income countries, more than three-quarters of people with mental, neurological and substance use disorders do not receive treatment.
World Mental Health Day is observed annually on 10 October, and WHO and partners are calling for a massive scale-up in investments.
The UN agency also will host its first-ever global online advocacy event on mental health where experts, musicians and sports figures will discuss action to improve mental health, in addition to sharing their stories.
WHO announced on Tuesday that the continent has been declared free of the virus, which can cause paralysis, after no cases were reported for four years
“We still have a lot of work to do to eradicate polio from the last two countries where it exists: Afghanistan and Pakistan,” he said.
The Hague, 27 August 2020 – Judicial authorities and police in Lithuania, United Kingdom and Ireland, with support from Eurojust and Europol, have dismantled a criminal network responsible for drug trafficking, money laundering and trafficking in human beings. At least 65 people were exploited as street dealers.
Yesterday in Lithuania, Ireland and the UK, 18 suspects were arrested, including the leader of the organised crime group (OCG), while 65 searches took place and various assets were seized, with an estimated overall value of €700 000.
The OCG dismantled today was responsible for trafficking large quantities of heroin in Ireland and Northern Ireland (UK). The leader of the OCG, a Lithuanian, was responsible for recruiting and trafficking people from Lithuania for drug trafficking and money laundering. Together with two other individuals, he set up a complex drug transport and distribution network in Ireland and the UK, in which at least 20 individuals have been involved since 2015.
The investigation revealed street dealers operating in the UK and Ireland, who were nearly all Lithuanians. At least 65 people were identified, mostly from vulnerable social backgrounds or drug addicts themselves. Many of these people had been trafficked by the leaders of the OCG with the specific intent to commit crime, i.e. illegally sell drugs on the streets.
Proceeds from the criminal activity were laundered by purchasing various real estate properties and other related financial transactions. A financial investigation is currently ongoing.
Today’s action day, enabled through the coordination centre set up by Eurojust and benefitting from operational support of Europol, was the result of successful cooperation between the judicial and law enforcement authorities in the three countries involved.
The case was referred to Eurojust by the Lithuanian national authorities at the end of 2017 given the cross-border dimension of the criminal activity.
In 2018, a joint investigation team (JIT) was set up between the Lithuanian authorities and their counterparts in Northern Ireland (UK), with financial and analytical support from Eurojust. Authorities in Ireland also joined the JIT during the investigation.
Six coordination meetings were held in a secure environment facilitated by Eurojust, ensuring close cooperation with the national authorities in all countries involved and planning of the joint actions, including setting up a common strategy taking into account the different jurisdictions.
‘Today’s result wouldn’t have been possible without close cooperation between the Lithuanian, Irish and UK authorities, as well Eurojust’s support in facilitating the judicial cooperation between all the parties involved. This shows that by working closely together we can ensure that drugs are kept off the streets and people are kept safe’, said Margarita Sniutyte-Daugeliene, National Member for Lithuania at Eurojust.
Eurojust also helped out by issuing the Mutual Legal Assistance requests, facilitating the real-time exchange of information between the judicial authorities involved, and providing support in order to plan the operational activity conducted today.
Europol provided a secure platform for the exchange of tactical information in real time and ensured remote crosschecks all throughout the joint action day.
On Thursday evening, the Director of the Holy See Press Office, Matteo Bruni, communicated that earlier in the afternoon, Pope Francis went to visit the Basilica of St Augustine in Campo Marzio.
He spent some time in prayer in the Chapel of St Monica, Augustine’s mother, in front of St Monica’s tomb.
Pope Francis then returned to the Vatican.
This is not the first time Pope Francis has gone to the Basilica to pray before the tomb of St Monica.
Exactly two years ago today, on returning from his Apostolic Journey to Ireland, he also went to the Basilica of St Augustine to pray before St Monica’s tomb after paying a visit to the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, as is his custom.
His visit to Ireland included his participation in the Festival of Families, part of the World Meeting of Families.
UNAIDS – Interruptions of HIV services, harassment, abuse, arrests, deaths and a failure to respect human rights in the early responses to the pandemic have underscored how trust has been undermined, individuals harmed, and public health responses set back, according to a new UNAIDS report launched on Thursday.
“It is a myth that there can be a trade-off between human rights and public health”, said Winnie Byanyima, Executive Director of UNAIDS. “Human rights are not only intrinsic, but they are also the very means by which Governments can successfully beat a pandemic”.
“It is a myth that there can be a trade-off between human rights and public health,” says @Winnie_Byanyima.
“Human rights are not only intrinsic, but they are also the very means by which governments can successfully beat a pandemic.”
It flags violations that include instances of police using rubber bullets, tear gas and whips to enforce physical distancing.
Moreover, people have been arrested, detained and fined for not wearing masks – with those unable to pay the fines left in jail.
Movement restrictions
The report also highlights the impact of movement restrictions, such as doctors being arrested and detained for travelling to and from health facilities and spotlights pregnant women dying because of austere restrictions preventing them from reaching health-care services – some while walking to hospital.
One account details a motorcycle taxi-driver being beaten to death by police after taking a woman in labour to hospital during curfew hours.
Government action needed
Safety during lockdowns has been a major concern, particularly for people most affected by HIV, including sex workers, whose lost income were largely not eligible for financial support.
In many countries, gender-based violence has increased by 40–70 per cent. And under gendered lockdown policies, transgender people have been harassed and arrested for leaving their home on the “wrong day”.
As UNAIDS has repeatedly stated, violence against key populations and women and girls increases vulnerability to HIV.
Rights in a pandemic calls on Governments to take proactive measures to ensure that people, particularly those in vulnerable groups, can access HIV treatment and prevention services; designate and support essential workers, including community-led organizations; and implement measures to prevent and address gender-based violence.
Treatment disruptions
The report revealed that in 10 of the 16 countries reviewed, HIV prevention and treatment services were disrupted, with some registering reductions in medicine collections of up to 20 per cent in various areas.
We have a commitment to stand up for the most vulnerable even in the tough environment COVID-19 has put us in — UN rights chief
There were multiple reports of people living with HIV not having enough antiretroviral medicine for a lockdown of more than 60 days as well as others of people having abandoned their HIV treatment due to a lack of food.
‘Stand up’ for vulnerable
UNAIDS stressed that the HIV pandemic must not be forgotten during this crisis.
“COVID-19 is likely to be with us for a very long time”, said Ms Byanyima. “We have a commitment to stand up for the most vulnerable even in the tough environment COVID-19 has put us in”.
The report builds on Rights in the time of COVID-19, released by UNAIDS in March, which urged countries to take a human rights approach in responding to COVID-19 – in line with best practices from 40 years of responding to HIV.
The UNAIDS chief concluded by flagging that Rights in a pandemic will be used to convene Governments, communities and partners to “open a dialogue and to find a way forward to reform bad laws, policies and practices and to protect human rights”.
On Thursday, the delegations from Council and Parliament sat together for the first time for trilateral talks on a political level, including the Commission, in view of reaching an agreement on EU financing for 2021-2027.
“There needs to be adequate funding for EU flagship programmes such as the ones for research or the young, that are important for Parliament. There needs to be progress on the Own Resources – the EU’s revenue – and on the Rule of Law, on the role of the budgetary authority and on certain horizontal issues like, for example, climate. So all these elements are on the table. We had a good discussion so far already today. And I’m pretty sure that in the coming weeks we can continue that positive and constructive way of dialogue”, said Budget Committee Chair Johan Van Overtveldt (ECR, BE).
“We want to reach an agreement, but we want to reach a good agreement. Not so much for Parliament as such, but for the European citizens”, he added.
In July, Parliament adopted a resolution on the conclusions of the extraordinary European Council meeting of 17-21 July 2020, setting out its negotiating mandate and priorities in view of reaching an agreement. Before the Council can formally adopt the MFF (Multiannual Financial Framework) regulation, Parliament must give its consent under Article 312(2) TFEU.
The negotiating team has welcomed the Recovery Instrument but considers that several improvements are needed, especially by reinforcing specific programmes, introducing a basket of new Own Resources (EU revenue), completing the legislators’ work on the rule of law, and ensuring parliamentary involvement in the Recovery Instrument.
On 1 September Members of the Committee on Budgets will debate the state of play of the negotiations on the Union’s next multiannual budget for 2021-2027 (MFF), the reform of the Own resources (OR) system and the Recovery Plan. Parliament’s negotiating team on the MFF/OR will report back on Thursday’s trilateral talks.
The EP’s negotiating team for the next long-term EU budget and Own Resources reform
Sadova was among the first places in Romania to see people return from COVID-19 stricken Italy in February 2020.
The community initiated response mechanisms quickly, with a coordination team comprising trusted and respected figures, including family doctors, community health nurses, priests, teachers and the mayor. The team, called the Local Emergency Committee, drew upon WHO recommendations and national guidelines to coordinate the community’s medical response.
The committee provided, among other things, immediate training for teachers and students on COVID-19, on how to recognize symptoms and how to avoid infection or further transmission.
“There was excellent collaboration with Sadova City Hall,” explains Dr Gindrovel Dumitra, a local family doctor and vice-president of the Romanian National Society of Family Medicine, who also became a member of the Local Emergency Committee.
“Sadova City Hall provided us with financial and organizational resources, such as support staff, including community nurses and social assistance workers who really made it all happen,” says Dr Dumitra. “Unfortunately, Sadova does not have a Roma health mediator, although there is great need for one.”
Out of Sadova’s population of 8500, it is estimated that 1500–2000 people work abroad.
“Many seasonal workers work on agricultural farms in Italy, Spain, France, Belgium and Germany,” observes Dr Dumitra. “One of the challenges turned out to be isolating people coming home from risk zones abroad – many did not have symptoms.”
Here, the doctor’s personal relationship with locals in Sadova turned out to be very important. He describes speaking to them either over the phone or at a safe distance on their doorsteps.
“It was very important for people to really understand the reasons for isolation and quarantine, without creating a feeling of guilt and avoiding stigmatization,” he notes. “As people understood how the virus is transmitted, and how they could best protect themselves and their families, we managed to build trust and increase their compliance with recommended measures.”
Farmers’ market reaches out to community
Sadova’s farmers’ market enjoys a long tradition in the region, but was closed at the beginning of March due to COVID-19, following a consensus decision by the Local Emergency Committee.
However, much to the joy of the local population, the farmers’ market reopened 10 days before Orthodox Easter, following a thorough risk assessment. It adhered to WHO recommendations on hygiene, maintaining distance between visitors and limiting access to avoid virus transmission.
“We made the decision to close and then reopen the market in Sadova, but only under certain safety conditions, according to WHO recommendations and in line with national regulations,” explains Dr Dumitra.
Locals were again able to visit the market for its much-valued local produce, ranging from vegetables and fruits to meat and dairy. While doing their shopping, they were handed information about personal protective measures, the importance of physical distancing, and hygiene recommendations developed by WHO. Sadova City Hall also purchased face masks and produced leaflets, which were distributed at the market by support teams.
“The collaboration with the City Hall was above expectations. Even at the beginning, when preparedness measures could have seemed excessive as we had not yet had a single case. However, local leaders and institutions trusted us doctors, they trusted WHO and they followed our recommendations from the start,” emphasizes Dr Dumitra. “Facing this pandemic has been an incredible challenge,” he adds, “but we have faced it together and it is also together that we will face the next challenge: ensuring that children receive proper education in safe settings.”
Sleeping sickness is a neglected tropical disease that is caused by protozoan parasites (single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the genus Trypanosoma. The parasites are transmitted by infected tsetse flies and if untreated the disease is almost always fatal.
Togo?? is first country ever to eliminate “sleeping sickness” as a public health problem! This achievement comes after more than two decades of sustained political commitment, surveillance & screening of cases. Congratulations Togo!
“Togo is a pathfinder in eliminating sleeping sickness, a disease which has threatened millions of Africans,” Dr. Matshidiso Moeti, WHO Regional Director for Africa, said on Thursday.
“I congratulate the Government and people of Togo for showing the way. I am sure the country’s efforts will inspire others to push towards a final eradication of sleeping sickness,” she added.
Sleeping sickness is only found in 36 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, in areas where health systems are often weak. The people most exposed to the tsetse fly and to the disease live in rural areas and depend on agriculture, fishing, animal husbandry or hunting.
Togo’s achievement comes after more than two decades of sustained political commitment, surveillance and screening of cases, according to the UN health agency.
Beginning in 2000, the country’s public health officials implemented control measures. In 2011, Togo established surveillance sites at hospitals in the cities of Mango and Tchamba, which cover the main areas at risk of the disease. Public health officials have since maintained heightened disease surveillance in endemic and at-risk areas.
Togo first applied for certification of elimination of sleeping sickness in 2018 and a team of WHO experts studied the data, made recommendations and requested a revision by the country before giving their approval.
National efforts were supported by WHO-led global collaboration that facilitated the donation of medicines and resources from pharmaceutical companies, helped strengthen local capacity and ensured the sustained availability of tools required to control the disease.
Two forms of sleeping sickness
There are two forms of sleeping sickness: the first, caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense that is found in 24 countries in west and central Africa, accounting for more than 98 per cent of cases. The second form, due to Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, is found in 13 countries in eastern and southern Africa and represents the rest of cases.
In the first stage, the symptoms generally include bouts of fever, headaches, enlarged lymph nodes, joint pains and itching. In the second stage parasites cross the blood-brain barrier to infect the central nervous system, resulting in changes of behaviour, confusion, sensory disturbances and poor coordination. The disturbance of the sleep cycle, which gives the disease its name, is an important feature.
WHO and partners are targeting the elimination as a public health problem of the gambiense form of the disease from all endemic countries by 2030. Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cote d’Ivoire and Ghana have started the validation process with the support of WHO.
Wiping out the gambiense form of sleeping sickness will require maintaining the commitment of endemic countries and of donors as well as integrating control and surveillance activities into the regular health systems, said WHO, adding that such efforts need to be supported by improved tools, innovative disease control approaches and effective coordination of efforts.
