The Legal Affairs Committee adopted on Wednesday, with 13 votes for, no votes against and 10 abstentions, its position on new rules to support the so-called standard-essential patents (SEPs). These patents protect cutting-edge technologies, such as Wi-Fi or 5G, which are essential to a technical standard, meaning that e.g. no Internet of Things (IoT) products can be developed without using them. They also play a key role in the development of connected vehicles, smart cities and technologies to mitigate climate change.
The aim is to encourage SEP holders and implementers to innovate in the EU and create products based on the latest standardised technologies that will benefit businesses and consumers.
MEPs want to task the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) to create a SEP Licensing Assistance Hub as a one-stop shop to provide free-of-charge training and support to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and start-ups. EUIPO should also help small companies to identify which standard essential patent they will need to use and thus pay for when developing their products and on how to best enforce their rights, including how to be paid if they hold such a patent.
EUIPO competence centre
MEPs agreed on tasking EUIPO with new powers to help reduce litigations and increase transparency. EUIPO will create a register of holders of standard essential patents, it will verify which patents are really essential to a particular standard, what is the fair payment for the use of such a patent and provide help in related negotiations between companies. EUIPO should also set up an electronic database with detailed information on SEPs terms for registered users, including academic institutions.
The EUIPO competence centre would also train evaluators of SEPs and conciliators mediating between parties and establish rosters of EU candidates for these positions. MEPs added provisions to ensure these candidates have the necessary qualifications and are impartial. The competence centre would further cooperate with national and international patent offices as well as authorities of third countries dealing with SEPs to get information about the SEPs-related rules outside the EU.
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Following the committee vote, rapporteur Marion Walsmann (EPP, DE) said: “The new instruments will bring much-needed transparency to an opaque system, make negotiations fairer and more efficient, and strengthen European technological sovereignty. For instance, in 5G almost 85% of the standard essential patents are in fact non-essential. The new essentiality test will stop the occurrence of over-declaration and strengthen EU SEP holders´ position in global markets. SEP holders will also benefit from an increased number of licenses, faster agreements, more predictable returns, and a reduced risk of litigation. SEP implementers, 85% of which are small and medium-sized enterprises, will benefit from legal and financial predictability.”
Next steps
The agreed text needs to be adopted by Parliament as a whole before talks with EU countries on the final shape of the legislation can start.
Background
The current SEPs market is fragmented, as there is no organisation in charge of informing firms about who holds which key patents and how much they ask for their use. This makes it difficult for companies to develop new devices using the technologies covered by these patents. The Commission proposed a new regulation on standard essential patents in April 2023 as part of the ‘EU patent package’. The proposal reacts to Parliament resolution from 11 November 2021, where MEPs called for a strong, balanced and robust intellectual property system.
The Council should adopt a decision to include hate speech and hate crime among criminal offences within the meaning of Article 83(1) TFEU (so-called “EU crimes”) by the end of the current legislative term, Parliament says in the report adopted on Thursday with 397 votes in favour, 121 against, and 26 abstentions. These are crimes of a particularly serious nature with a cross-border dimension, for which Parliament and Council can establish minimum rules to define criminal offences and sanctions.
MEPs seek to ensure universal protection for all, with a special focus on targeted persons and vulnerable groups and communities. Currently, member states’ criminal laws deal with hate speech and hate crime in different ways, while EU-wide rules apply only when such crimes are committed based on race, skin colour, religion, descent or national or ethnic origin.
With hate on the rise in Europe, two years have passed since the relevant Commission proposal was tabled and the Council has made no progress on it. MEPs call for the “passerelle clauses” to be used to overcome obstacles posed by the need for unanimity.
Taking the circumstances that victims face into account
Parliament calls on the Commission to consider an “open-ended” approach, whereby the grounds for discrimination will not be limited to a closed list, to make sure the rules cover incidents motivated by new and changing social dynamics. It underlines that freedom of expression, as critical as it is, must not be exploited as a shield for hate and stresses that misusing the internet and the business model of social media platforms contributes to spreading and amplifying hate speech.
MEPs also ask for particular consideration to be given to minors, including in bullying in schools and cyberbullying, and call for a robust framework for victims, with an intersectional approach, training for relevant professionals, and measures to ensure safe access to justice, specialised support and reparations, as well as a safe environment to increase reporting of incidents.
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Rapporteur Maite PAGAZAURTUNDÚA (Renew, Spain) commented: “In addition to lacking a comprehensive European legal framework to tackle hate speech and hate crime, we are facing new social dynamics, through which the normalisation of hate evolves very quickly. We must protect ourselves as a society and the people who are attacked, persecuted and harassed, while responding to the radical networks and extreme polarisation that provide fertile ground for behaviours that violate fundamental rights. We ask the Council to finally give the green light to the legislation against hate crime and hate speech at EU level, always in accordance with the principle of proportionality and guaranteeing citizens’ freedom of expression.”
“Its people are witnessing daily threats to their very existence – while the world watches on”, warned Emergency Relief Coordinator Martin Griffiths in a statement, adding that “hope has never been more elusive” amidst deteriorating conditions.
“The humanitarian community has been left with the impossible mission of supporting more than two million people, even as its own staff are being killed and displaced, as communication blackouts continue, as roads are damaged and convoys are shot at, and as commercial supplies vital to survival are almost non-existent.”
Three months on from the horrific 7 October attacks, Gaza has become a place of death and despair, he said, with a public health disaster unfolding before our eyes.
“Infectious diseases are spreading in overcrowded shelters as sewers spill over. Some 180 Palestinian women are giving birth daily amidst this chaos. People are facing the highest levels of food insecurity ever recorded. Famine is around the corner”, he said.
But rocket attacks from militants are still raining down on Israel, while more than 120 people are still held hostage in Gaza, he added.
With tensions in the West Bank at boiling point, and “the spectre of further regional spillover of the war” looming, Mr. Griffiths said that the war must end, “not just for the people of Gaza and its threatened neighbours, but for the generations to come who will never forget these 90 days of hell and of assaults on the most basic precepts of humanity.”
He concluded with a call for the international community to use all influence possible to end the fighting, meet civilians’ essential needs, and secure the release of all hostages.
COVID infections rising fast and under-reported, warns WHO
The UN health agency WHO confirmed on Friday that coronavirus numbers are spiking globally and that we “should expect more cases” in the coming winter months in the northern hemisphere.
Latest data from the World Health Organization covering the four weeks to 17 December indicated a 52 per cent increase in infections compared with the previous 28-days.
That amounts to 850,000 new COVID-19 cases reported, but the true figure is likely much higher, according to WHO spokesperson Christian Lindmeier:
“You know that all throughout the world and you’ve seen it in many of your own countries, the reporting has dropped, the surveillance centers have dropped, the vaccination centers have dropped, have been dismantled as well or shut down”, he told reporters in Geneva.
“This, of course, leads to an incomplete picture and we should expect unfortunately more cases than we have officially reported.”
Most infections have been caused by a new COVID strain called JN.1 which is now under close scrutiny by the UN health agency as a “variant of interest”. JN.1 was reportedly first detected in the United States before spreading across dozens of countries.
It evolved from the Omicron variant which was linked to a peak in COVID infections in 2022.
Food price inflation fears ease again: FAO
The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reported on Friday that the Food Price Index ended the year just over 10 per cent below its December 2022 level, further easing concerns over food price inflation worldwide.
The monthly figure for a basket of traded food commodities was also down around 1.5 per cent for December, averaging 118.5 points, compared with the previous month.
The sharpest drop came in international sugar quotations, which were some 16.6 per cent down for December on the previous month.
For 2023, the index was 13.7 percent lower overall than the average value for 2022, with only the international sugar price index higher over the year.
FAO said the sugar price drop was mainly due to the strong pace of production in Brazil along with reduced use of sugarcane for ethanol production in India.
The cereal price index rose 1.5 per cent in December, with wheat, maize, rice and parley all rising due to shipment limitations experienced by exporters. Cereal prices for the year however we more than 15 per cent below the 2022 average.
In central Gaza, the UN World Health Organization (WHO) warned on Sunday that medics at the only functioning hospital in Deir al Balah governorate “had been forced to cease lifesaving and other critical activities…and leave” after an evacuation order issued amid “increasing” Israeli military activity.
Only five doctors reportedly remain at Al-Aqsa Hospital in the Middle Area of Gaza, where a WHO team delivered medical supplies to support 4,500 dialysis patients for three months and 500 patients requiring trauma care.
From Al-Aqsa, WHO Health Emergency Officer Sean Casey posted a video on X social media platform on Sunday evening showing chaotic scenes as medics treated patients on the blood-streaked floor, some of the “hundreds” being brought in for urgent treatment.
“They are seeing in some cases hundreds of casualties every day in a small emergency department,” Mr. Casey said. “So, they’re treating children on the floor.”
Echoing those concerns, WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus in a post on X reported “immense needs” at the hospital, “especially health workers, medical supplies and beds. But staff said their greatest need was for their hospital, and its staff, patients and families there, to be protected from strikes and hostilities.”
More than 600 patients “and most health workers” had reportedly been forced to leave the facility, Tedros said, adding that it was “inconceivable” that the protection of health care could not be counted on.
According to the UN health agency, no hospitals are “fully functioning” in northern Gaza. Another WHO mission had to be cancelled to the north on Sunday, Tedros said, “due to dangers and lack of necessary permissions”. Elsewhere in Gaza, “a mere handful of health facilities operate”, the WHO chief said.
In recent days casualty numbers have “increased markedly”, Tedros continued, with “over 120 trauma cases and dozens of dead arriving per day due to increased shelling, gunshot wounds, crush injuries from collapsed buildings, and other war-related trauma”.
WHO is also involved in plans to deploy an emergency medical team to support medical teams at Al-Aqsa. “This will only be possible in a secure environment,” the UN health agency’s Director-General noted.
Children wait to be served food in Rafah, in the southern Gaza Strip.
Targets struck in north
In a separate update on the emergency confirming “intense” Israeli strikes “across (central) Deir Al Balah governorate and the southern cities of Khan Younis and Rafah”, OCHA reported on Sunday evening that Israeli forces “struck targets in Gaza city, Jabaliya Camp, Tal Az Za’atar, and Beit Lahiya” causing “a very large number of fatalities” in the Al Fallouja area of Jabaliya Camp.
Rocket fire into Israel by Palestinian armed groups also continued, the UN aid office said, amid “ground operations and fighting…across much of the Gaza Strip, resulting in additional fatalities”.
No end to rising toll
Latest data from the Gazan health ministry cited by the UN aid wing indicated at least 22,835 fatalities since Israeli military strikes began, in response to Hamas-led terror attacks in southern Israel on 7 October that left some 1,200 dead including at least 33 children and around 250 taken hostage.
OCHA also noted reports of 225 Palestinian fatalities between Friday and Sunday and almost 300 injured, with 174 Israeli soldiers killed in Gaza and more than 1,000 injured since ground operatio
ns began, according to the Israeli Defense Forces.
Deadly disease threat
Amid ongoing deadly violence, UN Children’s Fund UNICEF estimated that there are now approximately 3,200 new cases of diarrhoea per day among under-fives. Before the escalation in hostilities, the average was 2,000 per month.
There is also dire concern for nine in 10 children under two years old who are now in “severe food poverty” and “only getting grains (including bread) or milk” to eat.
“Time is running out. Many children already face severe acute malnutrition in Gaza,” said UNICEF’s Executive-Director Catherine Russell. “As the threat of famine intensifies, hundreds of thousands more young children could soon be severely malnourished, with some at risk of death. We cannot allow that to happen.”
Updated information from OCHA on the number of aid trucks entering Gaza indicated that on 6 and 7 January, a total of 218 trucks carried food, medicine and other supplies through the Rafah and Kerem Shalom crossings. Before the conflict erupted, more than 500 trucks carried aid into the Strip every day, some 60 per cent passing through Kerem Shalom.
Secretary-General António Guterres (right) meets with Sigrid Kaag, Senior Humanitarian and Reconstruction Coordinator for Gaza.
UN Coordinator for Gaza
The new Senior Humanitarian and Reconstruction Coordinator for Gaza officlally began her role on Monday. Sigrid Kaag will facilitate monitor and verify relief shipments coming in to the stricken enclave, in line with the Security Council resolution 2720 passed last month.
She has held a number of senior humanitarian jobs within the UN but most recently served as finance minister for the previous administration in the Netherlands.
Ms. Kaag will also have the challenging task of establishing a mechanism for accelerating aid into Gaza through States which are not party to the conflict.
She was in New York meeting the UN Secretary-General on her first day in office but will be heading to Washington DC later in the week before travelling to the Middle East.
“Even if there is no ceasefire, you would expect humanitarian corridors to operate… in a much more sustained way than what’s happening now,” said Dr Rik Peeperkorn, WHO Representative for the Occupied Palestinian Territory. “It’s too little. It’s too late and specifically in the north.”
Humanitarian assistance – and particularly food – is desperately needed across Gaza, particularly in northern areas, confirmed WHO Emergency Medical Teams Coordinator Sean Casey.
“The food situation in the north is absolutely horrific, there’s almost no food available,” he told journalists in Geneva via video from Rafah in southern Gaza. “Everybody we talk to begs for food and comes up and asks, ‘Where, where’s the food?’ People help us get our medical supplies through. But they are constantly telling us that we need to come back with food.”
A woman carries a child while heading toward southern Gaza.
Echoing that appeal and expressing concerns about intensifying hostilities in the south, Dr Peeperkorn explained that moving staff and supplies “safely and swiftly” had been compromised, “as deconfliction is required for any moves across Gaza, including the south – often leading to delays”.
In addition to getting more essential supplies into Gaza, what was also needed urgently was easier movement of humanitarian aid and workers within the enclave, “so that we can reach people wherever they are”, Dr Peeperkorn explained.
According to Gaza’s Ministry of Health, 23,084 people have been killed in the enclave, 70 per cent were women and children. Nearly 59,000 people have also been injured, which is approximately 2.7 per cent of Gaza’s population.
UN ‘completely ready’ to deliver
The WHO official insisted that the UN and its partners remained “completely ready” to deliver assistanceto Gazans, who have endured a massive bombing campaign by the Israel military, in response to the Hamas-led terror attacks in southern Israel beginning 7 October that killed some 1,200 people.
But hostilities and evacuation orders in Gaza’s central areas and further south in Khan Younis have affected access to hospitals for patients and ambulances, Dr Peeperkorn explained, adding that it has also become “incredibly complex” for WHO to reach “ailing” facilities with medical supplies and fuel.
Of concern are three hospitals located near evacuation zones – European Gaza Hospital, Nasser Medical Complex and Al-Aqsa – “a lifeline” in the south for about two million people, the WHO official said, speaking from Jerusalem.
Healthworkers fleeing for their lives
“(The) constricted flow of supplies and access and evacuation of medical staff from many hospitals due to fears for safety are a recipe for disaster and will make more hospitals non-functional, as witnessed in the north. The international community must not allow this to happen,” Dr Peeperkorn said.
One indication of the “shrinking space” for lifesaving humanitarian work in the enclave is the fact that the UN health agency has not reached northern Gaza for two weeks.
A total of six planned WHO humanitarian missions have had to be cancelled since 26 December, according to the UN health agency. “Our team is ready to deliver but we have not been able to receive the necessary permissions to proceed safely,” Dr Peeperkorn explained.
Safe passage requests denting aid response: UN Spokesperson
UN Spokesperson Stéphane Dujarric said on Tuesday that so-called “denials of coordinated movement requests” were causing critical hold-ups in aid delivery across Gaza.
Addressing reporters at the regular noon briefing in New York, he said that since 1 January, “humanitarian partners have requested 20 convoys, of which 15 were denied and two were unable to proceed because of delays or routes that were impassable.”
Only three went to the hardest hit north of Gaza and that was with modifications to the plan that wound up impacting operations, he added .
Despite the major challenges to delivering humanitarian assistance, aid partners have provided healthcare and medical services to about half a million people since 7 October.
“But the needs are massive – and just over a third of more than 350 formal and informal shelters for internally displaced people in Gaza have access to any sort of medical points.”
He said “continued denial of fuel delivery to water and sanitation facilities is leaving tens of thousands of people without access to clean water and increasing the risk of sewage overflows, significantly heightening the risk of the spread of communicable diseases.”
The religious landscape in France has undergone profound diversification since the 1905 law on the separation of church and state, according to an article by Kekeli Koffi published on religactu.fr. Besides the four faiths formally recognized in the early 20th century – Catholicism, Reformed and Lutheran Protestantism, and Judaism – new religions have emerged.
“Islam, Buddhism, and Orthodoxy have established themselves, giving France the status of the European state with the largest number of Muslim, Jewish and Buddhist believers,” writes Koffi. Although official data on individuals’ religious affiliation has not been collected since 1872, an outline of the current situation can be sketched:
Catholicism remains the predominant faith in France, although its influence has declined significantly since the 1980s. Currently, over 60% of the population identifies as Catholic, but only 10% practice actively.
Atheism and agnosticism are steadily rising, with nearly 30% of French people declaring themselves non-religious.
Islam is the second largest religion in France, with an estimated 5 million Muslims – both practising and non-practicing – constituting about 6% of the population.
Protestantism accounts for 2% of the population, approximately 1.2 million individuals.
Judaism has around 600,000 followers (1%), mostly of Sephardic descent.
There are 300,000 Buddhist believers in France, mainly of Asian origin, plus 100,000 others, bringing the total to 400,000.
Koffi notes that other religious movements also show vitality, despite controversies. Among them, Hindus are estimated at some 150,000, Jehovah’s Witnesses at 140,000, Scientologists approaching 40,000, and Sikhs totalling some 30,000, concentrated in Seine-Saint-Denis.
This changing landscape raises questions about the relevance of old models for managing religion, concludes Koffi. While the 1905 law itself seems able to withstand time and change, institutions like the Ministry of Interior’s Bureau of Faiths have not adapted to the new reality and continue operating as if only a handful of faiths existed in France.
Dropping out of school is as harmful as five drinks a day
Scientists from the Norwegian Institute of Science and Technology have revealed the life-prolonging benefits of education, regardless of age, gender, location, social and demographic status. The results of the study are published in The Lancet Public Health.
It has previously been shown that those who have achieved higher levels of education live longer than others, but until now it was not known to what extent. The researchers found that the risk of premature death, regardless of cause, decreased by two percent with each additional year of education. Those who completed six years of primary school had an average 13 percent lower risk. After graduating from high school, the risk decreased by almost 25 percent, and 18 years of education decreased the risk by 34 percent.
Compared to the impact of unhealthy habits, dropping out of school is almost as harmful as drinking five or more alcoholic drinks a day or smoking ten cigarettes a day for 10 years.
Although the benefits of education are greatest for young people, people over 50 and even 70 still benefit from the protective effects of education. However, no significant difference in the effects of education was found between countries at different stages of economic development.
Assembly Vice President Cheikh Niang of Senegal, holding the gavel in the General Assembly Hall and deputizing for President Dennis Francis, read out a statement on his behalf.
General Assembly Vice President Cheikh Niang chairs the Emergency Special Session meets on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question.
Mr. Francis said he welcomed the adoption of Security Council resolution 2720 late last month, which called for safe, unhindered and expanded humanitarian access and conditions for a sustainable cessation of hostilities.
He urged all warring parties in Gaza to “fully implement” the Council resolution as well as the Assembly resolution of 12 December calling for a ceasefire, arising from the Assembly’s reconvened Emergency Special Session.
On protecting civilians, Mr. Francis urged all Member States “to keep this shared goal to the forefront during today’s debate.”
The General Assembly adopted a resolution designed to foster greater cooperation with the Security Council, in the wake of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in early 2022.
That resolution states that anytime the veto is used in the Security Council, it automatically triggers a meeting and debate in the General Assembly, to scrutinize and discuss the move.
The veto is a special voting power held by the permanent member States on the Council, whereby if any one of the five — China, France, Russia, the UK and the US — casts a negative vote, the resolution or decision automatically fails.
The Assembly resolution which introduced this extra scrutiny calls for the Assembly President to convene a formal debate within 10 working days, so that the 193 members of the wider body can have their say.
The intention behind it is to give UN Member States the chance to make recommendations, which could include the use of armed force, to maintain or restore peace and security on the ground.
As with all Assembly resolutions they carry moral and political weight but are non-binding and do not generally carry the force of international law, unlike some measures agreed by the Security Council.
Tuesday’s meeting came on the heels of the US vetoing a Russian amendment prior to the successful passing of last month’s Council resolution on Gaza.
Watch full coverage of Tuesday morning’s session in New York, below:
US committed to ‘bringing all of the hostages home’
The US Deputy Permanent Representative, Robert Wood, said the US welcomed the adoption of December’s Security Council resolution on 22 December.
Deputy Permanent Representative Robert A. Wood of the United States addresses the UN General Assembly meeting on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question.
Although the US abstained, he said the US had worked closely with other key States “in good faith” to forge a strong resolution. “This work supports the direct diplomacy the US is engaged in to get more humanitarian aid into Gaza and to help get hostages out of Gaza”, he said.
Without naming Russia – whose amendment provoked the US veto in question – he said one Member State persisted in putting forward ideas which are “disconnected from the situation on the ground”.
He said it was “also deeply troubling” that many States seemed to have stopped talking about the plight of hostages still being held in Gaza by Palestinian militants.
The US is committed to bringing them all home he said and remains “engaged in efforts to secure another pause” in the fighting. Also lacking, he added, are demands that Hamas lay down its arms and surrender.
“It would be good if there was a strong international voice pressing Hamas’s leaders to do what is necessary to end the conflict that they set in motion on 7 October”, he said.
Palestinians enduring a ‘war of atrocities’
Permanent Observer of the State of Palestine, Riyad Mansour, said that he was standing before the Assembly “representing a people being slaughtered, with families killed in their entirety, men and women shot in the streets, thousands abducted, tortured and humiliated, children killed, amputated, orphaned – scarred for life.”
Riyad Mansour, Permanent Observer of the State of Palestine to the United Nations, addresses the UN General Assembly meeting on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question.
He said “no people” should have to endure such violence and it must stop.
No one can understand that the Security Council is still being prevented from calling for an immediate humanitarian ceasefire, he added, while 153 States in the General Assembly have called for just that, along with the UN Secretary-General.
Israel’s assault is without precedent in modern history he said, “a war of atrocities”.
“How can you reconcile opposing the atrocities and vetoing a call to end the war that is leading to their commission?”, he asked.
The State of Palestine has long supported a proposal from France and Mexico “for the suspension of the veto in the case of mass atrocities, when crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes on a large scale are committed.”
He said the assault on Palestinians in Gaza, “demonstrates how vital this proposal is. Supporting an immediate ceasefire is the only moral, legitimate, and responsible position.”
During these last 90 days, 11 Palestinians have been killed every hour, including seven women and children, he told the Assembly.
“This is not about Israeli security; this is about Palestine’s destruction. The interests and objectives of this extremist Israeli government are clear and incompatible with the interests and objectives of any country that supports international law and peace”, Mr. Mansour said.
Security will never come through the death, destruction and dehumanization of Palestinians, he added.
Palestine is here to stay, he declared: “Don’t call for peace and spread fire. If you want peace, start with a ceasefire. Now.”
No morals, ‘only bias and hypocrisy’: Israel
Israel’s Ambassador to the UN, Gilad Erdan, wondered how, with 136 people still held hostage, including a baby about to mark his first birthday, any delegations could be calling for a ceasefire.
“How morally bankrupt has this body become?”, he said. Why are there no deafening calls inside the hall to bring him home, and “why are you not holding Hamas accountable for the most heinous war crimes?”
Ambassador Gilad Erdan of Israel addresses the UN General Assembly meeting on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question.
He said that “despite the UN’s moral rot”, the citizens of Israel are resilient, with faith, hope and unbreakable resolve to defend themselves.
He said the UN had become “an accomplice to terrorists” and now lacked the justification to exist.
Rather than focusing on bringing hostages home and their suffering, the UN “has been obsessed only with the well-being of people in Gaza”, those who put Hamas in power and supported the group’s atrocities, he added.
“You ignore all Israeli victims”, he said.
He asked how the Convention on the Prevention of Genocide be weaponized against the Jewish State, when the only thing Hamas wants, is to repeat the Holocaust.
“There are no morals here, only bias and hypocrisy”, he said. By calling for a ceasefire is giving the green light to Hamas to continue its reign of terror.
He said that by calling for a ceasefire, the Assembly is sending a clear message to terrorists across the world. “The UN is signalling to terrorists that rape as a weapon of war, is fine”, he added.
US responsible for ‘toothless’ resolutions: Russia
Deputy Permanent Representative for Russia, Anna Evstigneeva, said that Washington had been guilty of playing an “unscrupulous game” to protect Israel’s actions in Gaza, when it used the veto in the Security Council on 22 December.
Anna Evstigneeva, Deputy Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation, addresses the UN General Assembly meeting on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question.
She said that using blackmail and arm-twisting, the US had given Israel a license to carry on killing Palestinians “blessing the ongoing extermination of the Gazans”, which is why they put forward their amendment.
She said the real aim of the US veto was to push through its aim of giving Israel free rein, and “deliberately undermine multilateral efforts under the auspices of the UN to serve its own geopolitical interests in the Middle East.”
Ms. Evstigneeva said that “the sad result” of this is that over the past three months of escalation in Gaza, the Council has only been able to adopt “toothless” resolutions.
Russia abstained on both documents, rather than voting against them, solely based on requests from the Palestinian and Arab representatives.
A clear demand from the Security Council for a full ceasefire remains an imperative, she said.
Without it, implementing the Council’s decisions in Gaza “is just not possible”.
She said the spiral of continuing violence is “clearly catastrophic” and will continue until the root causes of the conflict are properly addressed, through a two-State solution.
Under current conditions, our shared goal is to assist the parties in establishing the negotiation process. A “collective diplomatic mechanism” is required and one of the most pressing tasks is the restoration of Palestinian unity, she added.
The ancient Greeks used snail mucus on the skin to combat local inflammation
Commonly used to repair damaged skin, products containing snail slime date back far beyond the age of social media — and may have potential beyond cosmetics, National Geographic reported.
Consumers worldwide are buying cosmetic products containing snail slime, with the global market estimated to be around $555 million in 2022.
Following the snail slime skin care boom in South Korea, the product – also called mucin or snail secretion – was widely shared on social media. North America is currently the fastest growing market for snail skin products. But using snail slime for glowing skin and good health dates back further than a social media trend.
The ancient Greeks used snail mucus on the skin to combat local inflammation. In the 1980s, Chilean snail farmers noted that processing snails for the French food market gave them softer hands and faster wound healing. This started the popularity of snail slime in South America.
What does snail mucus do to the skin?
“Garden snails, the most researched snail species for skin care, produce a slime that is touted as moisturizing, full of antioxidants and able to stimulate new collagen, which can reduce the signs of aging,” says Joshua Zeichner, a dermatologist at the Mount Hospital. Sinai.
According to dermatologist Elisabeth Bahar Haushmand, a member of the American Academy of Dermatology, consumers buy snail slime products to repair damaged skin and retain moisture. Mucus is full of natural vitamins A and E, antioxidants that can reduce inflammation and signs of aging, and has peptides that stimulate collagen production. However, Hashmand says larger clinical trials are needed to prove some of the mucilage’s purported effects and to better understand its active ingredients.
Snail mucus extract has been shown to create a protective barrier between the skin and polluted air. One study used a three-dimensional model of skin that had been exposed to ozone. The “skin” unprotected by the mucus extract became inflamed and showed signs of aging through oxidative stress, which causes wrinkles and uneven skin tone. Skin protected by the mucus extract showed less inflammation.
There is evidence that snail slime can help heal wounds and treat burns. Mucin also has antibacterial and antifungal properties.
Another study tested its ability to stop bacteria in wounds, with the mucus outperforming commercial antibiotics including amoxicillin and streptomycin. Early research suggests that it may also have anti-cancer abilities: garden snail slime successfully suppresses skin cancer cell growth in laboratory conditions.
Illustrative Photo by SİNAN ÖNDER: https://www.pexels.com/photo/shallow-focus-photography-of-brown-and-white-snail-on-moss-243128/
After the remark that Christ did not leave the parable “of resisting evil with force,” I began to be persuaded that in Christianity there were no soldier-martyrs executed for refusing to kill or take up arms.
I think this myth arose with the advent of the imperial version of Christianity. It is said that the warrior martyrs were executed only because they refused to offer sacrifices to the deities.
Indeed, among them there were those who completely refused to fight and kill, as well as those who fought with pagans but refused to use weapons against Christians. It is not acceptable to focus attention on why such a persistent myth arises.
Fortunately, the acts of the martyrs have been preserved, in which the trials of the first Christians (including against soldiers) are described in sufficient detail.
Unfortunately, few of the Russian Orthodox know them, and even fewer study them.
In fact, the lives of the saints are full of examples of conscientious objection to military service. Let me recall a few.
It was precisely because of his refusal to do military service that in 295 the holy warrior Maximilian was killed. The transcript of his trial is preserved in his Martyrology. In court he stated:
“I cannot fight for this world… I tell you, I am a Christian.”
In response, the proconsul pointed out that Christians served in the Roman army. Maximilian answers:
“That’s their job. I am also a Christian and I cannot serve.”
Likewise, St. Martin of Tours left the army after he was baptized. He is reported to have been summoned to Caesar for the presentation of a military award, but refused to accept it, saying:
“Until now I have served you as a soldier. Now let me serve Christ. Give the reward to others. They intend to fight, and I am a soldier of Christ and I am not allowed to fight.”
In a similar situation was the newly converted centurion St. Markel, who during a feast threw away his military honors with the words:
“I serve Jesus Christ, the eternal King. I will no longer serve your emperor, and I despise the worship of your gods of wood and stone, which are deaf and dumb idols.’
The materials from the trial against St. Markel have also been preserved. He is reported to have stated at this court that “… it is not fitting for a Christian who serves the Lord Christ to serve in the armies of the world.”
For refusing military service for Christian reasons, St. Kibi, St. Cadoc and St. Theagen were canonized. The latter suffered together with St. Jerome. He was an unusually brave and strong peasant who was drafted into the imperial army as a promising soldier. Jerome refused to serve, chased away those who came to recruit him, and together with eighteen other Christians, who also received a call to the army, hid in a cave. Imperial soldiers stormed the cave, but failed to capture the Christians by force. They take them out with cunning. They were indeed killed after refusing to offer sacrifices to idols, but this was rather the last point of their stubborn resistance to military service (a total of thirty-two Christian conscripts were executed that day).
The history of the legion in Thebes, which was under the command of St. Maurice, is more poorly documented. The acts of martyrdom against them are not preserved, as there was no trial. Only the oral tradition, recorded in the epistle of St. Bishop Eucherius, remains. Ten men of this legion are glorified by name. The rest are known by the general name of Agaun martyrs (not less than a thousand people). They have not completely refused to take up arms when fighting against heathen enemies. But they rebelled when they were ordered to put down a Christian rebellion.
They declared that they could not kill their Christian brothers under any circumstances and for any reason:
“We cannot stain our hands with the blood of innocent people (Christians). Are we an oath before God before we swear before you. You can’t have any confidence in our second oath if we break the other one, the first. You ordered us to kill Christians – look, we are the same.”
It was reported that the legion was thin and every tenth soldier was killed. After each new refusal, they killed every tenth again until they had slaughtered the entire legion.
St. John the Warrior did not completely retire from service, but in the army he was engaged in what in military parlance is called subversive activity – warning Christians about the next raid, facilitating escapes, visiting the brothers and sisters thrown into prison (however, according to his biography, we can assume that he did not have to shed blood: he was probably in the units guarding the city).
I think it would be an exaggeration to say that all early Christians were pacifists (if only because we don’t have enough historical material about the life of the Church from that time). During the first two centuries, however, their attitude to war, arms, and military service was so sharply negative that the ardent critic of Christianity, the philosopher Celsus, wrote: “If all men acted as you do, nothing would prevent the emperor from remaining completely alone and with troops deserted from him. The empire would fall into the hands of the most lawless barbarians.’
To which the Christian theologian Origen replies:
“Christians have been taught not to defend themselves against their enemies; and because they have kept the laws prescribing meekness and love to man, they have obtained from God what they could not have obtained if they had been allowed to wage war, though they might well have done so.’
We have to take into account one more point. That conscientious objectors did not become a major problem for the early Christians is largely explained not by their willingness to serve in the army, but by the fact that the emperors had no need to fill the regular army with conscripts.
Vasily Bolotov wrote about this: “The Roman legions were replenished with many volunteers who came to sign up.” Therefore, Christians could enter military service only in exceptional cases’.
The situation when Christians in the army became many, so that they already served in the imperial guard, occurred only at the end of the 3rd century.
It is not necessary that they entered the service after receiving Christian baptism. In most cases known to us, they became Christians while already being soldiers. And here indeed one such as Maximilian may find it impossible to continue in the service, and another will be compelled to remain in it, limiting the things he thinks he can do. For example, not to use weapons against brothers in Christ.
The limits of what is permissible for a soldier who has converted to Christianity were clearly described at the beginning of the 3rd century by St. Hippolytus of Rome in his canons (rules 10-15): “Regarding the magistrate and the soldier: never kill, even if you have received an order… A soldier on duty should not kill a man. If he is commanded, he must not carry out the command and must not take an oath. If he does not want it, let him be rejected. Let him who possesses the power of the sword, or is the magistrate of the city who wears the indigo, cease to exist or be rejected. Advertisers or believers who want to become soldiers must be rejected because they have despised God. A Christian should not become a soldier unless compelled by a sword-bearing chief. He must not burden himself with bloody sin. If, however, he has shed blood, he must not partake of the sacraments unless he is purified by penance, tears, and weeping. He must not act with cunning, but with the fear of God.”
Only with the passage of time did the Christian Church begin to change, to move away from the purity of the evangelical ideal, adapting to the demands of the world, which is alien to Christ.
And in the Christian monuments it is described how these changes take place. In particular, in the materials of the First Ecumenical (Nicaea) Council, we see how, with the adoption of Christianity as the state religion, those Christians who had previously retired from military service rushed into the army. Now they pay bribes to return (I remind you that military service was a prestigious job and well paid – apart from a good salary, the legionnaire was also entitled to an excellent pension).
At that time the Church still resented it. Rule 12 of the First Ecumenical Council calls such “apostates”: “Those who are called by grace to the profession of faith and have shown a first impulse of jealousy by taking off the military belts, but then, like a dog, have returned to their vomit , so that some even used money and gifts to be reinstated in the military rank: let them, after spending three years listening to the Scriptures in the portico, then ten years lie prostrate in the church, begging forgiveness”. Zonara, in his interpretation of this rule, adds that no one can remain in military service at all if he has not previously renounced the Christian faith.
A few decades later, however, St. Basil the Great hesitantly wrote about Christian soldiers returning from war: “Our fathers did not consider killing in battle to be murder, excusing, as it seems to me, the champions of chastity and piety. But perhaps it will be well to advise them, as having unclean hands, to abstain for three years from communion with the holy Mysteries.’
The Church is entering a period when it must balance between Christ and Caesar, trying to serve the One and not offend the other.
Thus arose the myth that the first Christians refrained from serving in the army only because they did not want to offer sacrifices to the gods.
And so we come to today’s myth that any soldier (not even a Christian) fighting for the “right cause” can be venerated as a martyr and saint.
Source: Author’s personal Facebook page, published on 23.08.2023.
