Peter R. Breggin MD is a lifelong reformer known as “The Conscience of Psychiatry” for his criticism of biological psychiatry and his promotion of more effective, empathic, and ethical forms of psychological, educational, and social approaches to people with emotional suffering and disability. He graduated from Harvard College with Honors and his psychiatric training included a Teaching Fellowship at Harvard Medical School. Following his training, he became a Full Time Consultant in the U.S. Public Health Service at NIH, assigned to the National Institute of Mental Health. Since then, he has taught at several universities, including Johns Hopkins, George Mason, and the University of Maryland, as well as at the Washington School of Psychiatry.
ECT works by damaging the brain. ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) involves the application of two electrodes to the head to pass electricity through the brain with the goal of causing an intense seizure or convulsion. The process always damages the brain, resulting each time in a temporary coma and often a flatlining of the brain waves, which is a sign of impending brain death.
After one, two or three ECTs, the trauma causes typical symptoms of severe head trauma or injury including headache, nausea, memory loss, disorientation, confusion, impaired judgment, loss of personality, and emotional instability. These harmful effects worsen and some become permanent as routine treatment progresses.
ECT originated in 1938. Modifications have been used since the 1960s and are not new or safer. These changes make it harder to cause a seizure. As a result, modern ECT requires even stronger and more damaging doses of electricity.
THE PURPOSE OF ECT IS TO CAUSE AN INTENSE SEIZURE OR CONVULSION. THE PROCESS ALWAYS DAMAGES THE BRAIN AND CAUSES MENTAL DYSFUNCTION.
ECT works by damaging the brain. The initial trauma can cause an artificial euphoria which ECT doctors mistakenly call an improvement. After several routine ECTs, the damaged person becomes increasingly apathetic, indifferent, unable to feel genuine emotions, and even robotic. Memory loss and confusion worsen. This helpless individual becomes unable to voice distress or complaints and becomes docile and manageable. ECT doctors mistakenly call this an improvement but it indicates severe and disabling brain injury.
Permanent effects of ECT
ECT permanently impairs memory and causes other long-term signs of mental dysfunction such as difficulties with concentration and new learning. Memories of important past experiences are commonly impaired or eradicated, including weddings, birthdays, vacations, educational experiences, and housekeeping or professional skills. Sense of self or identity can be demolished, and family members often report that their loved one “was never the same again.” Follow-up studies show that ECT has been used to abuse women by making
them docile and submissive.
Many animal studies show that clinical ECT causes small hemorrhages throughout the brain as well as patches of cell death. Newly discovered ECT induced neurogenesis (growth of new brain cells) is not a benefit but instead confirms brain injury. Neurogenesis is a response to brain damage from many causes, including Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI).
ECT is not a last resort because it does not work and can ruin recovery. ECT does not prevent suicide, but can cause it. Controlled
clinical trials show that ECT has no more benefit than sham ECT (anesthesia with no shock).
ECT DOES NOT PREVENT SUICIDE, BUT CAN CAUSE ITPeter Breggin MD
ECT blunts emotional life during the acute phase of brain injury for about 4 weeks, after which the person remains depressed with the
added affliction of brain damage. Abundant evidence indicates that ECT should be banned. Because ECT destroys the ability to protest, all ECT quickly becomes involuntary and thus inherently abusive and a human rights violation. Therefore, when ECT has already been started, concerned relatives or others should immediately intervene to stop it, if necessary with an attorney.
ECT DESTROYS THE ABILITY TO PROTEST. ALL ECT QUICKLY BECOMES INVOLUNTARY AND VIOLENTLY ABUSIVE.
In place of ECT, depressed and severely disturbed people need good individual, couples, or family therapy. Family members should participate actively in therapy with their overwhelmed loved ones.
Since psychiatric drugs commonly cause or worsen depression, anxiety and psychosis, always consider stopping all psychiatric drugs
through a carefully supervised withdrawal.
Becoming free of psychiatric drugs is often the start of recovery. See Peter R. Breggin, MD, Psychiatric Drug Withdrawal: A Guide for Prescribers, Therapists, Patients and Their Families (2013).
Key Points To Remember
ECT is not a last resort because it does not work and can ruin any hope of future recovery.
After one or more ECTs, the brain-damaged individual becomes too docile and confused to protest or resist. Therefore family members, concerned individuals, advocates, or attorneys must intervene to prevent more extensive injury. No harm will come from stopping shock
treatment, but increasing harm will inevitably occur from increasing numbers of ECTs.
Because it always becomes involuntary and because it causes severe damage to the brain and mind, ECT should be banned.
How to Access Resources
The facts in this report are confirmed by more than 125 scientific articles and other relevant materials at Dr. Peter Breggin’s “ECT Resources Center” which is available free of charge online at www.ectresources.org.
A table of contents is provided with extensive search terms such as “memory loss” and “brain damage.” For Dr. Breggin’s medical textbook chapter on ECT see his book, Brain-Disabling Treatments in Psychiatry: Drugs, Electroshock and the Psychopharmaceutical Complex, Second Edition, New York, Springer Publishing Company, 2008.
Permission is given to reprint and distribute this publication in hardcopy or digital form provided it is free and the copyright is included.
Copyright 2013 by Peter R. Breggin MD.
